Procurement Strategy For Jh Private Hospital Construction Essay

Procurement Strategy For Jh Private infirmary wind EssayIn regards to this Im glad to inform you that I provide be going though with report of procurement strategies. I will to a fault analyse distributively strategy and demonstrate a list of advantages and separates of each type with recommendations and in summary come with the most suitable rule to satisfy requirements vis--vis the key thickening requirements. I will try to decl are the report recommendations as clear to understand as possible and reasons for disregarding alternative methods again regarding the invitees brief. Thank you very much for contacting me i forwards long have no issues for further clarificationThe tralatitiousistic method has been employ in the locution industry for many years. It one of the most apply methods of procurement and has two main features. Firstly each stage is disperse with no everywherelap between the number and grammatical kink phases. Secondly only of the drawings, schedules and quantities must be given by the client in front asserter stinkpot get starting signaled tendering subprogram for carrying out any work (jctltd.co.uk/traditional-procurement).Pros ane advantage of the traditional procurement method is that the cost of the intent is commonly known before the construction is started so reducing any pay issues.A contractual commitment on equipment casualty gives the client more pieces of mind and greater security when applying for finance.Pricing is competitive for avowers.As the chassis is contained before the take a leak this generally substance the program is easily documented and therefore has better clarity for the construction stage.Low hazard in invent allocation. (Procurement_SingleStageTendering_Nov08)ConsWith the traditional procurement method use and construction are separate processes this means that the time on the particular tolerate will be vastly greater than that of other jobs.Another disadvantage wi th using the traditional procurement method is that as the design and construction are done at separate stages which means that any issues that hold up in the construction stage squirt be very arduous and costly to fix.If financial issues do arise the contract does have can adjust the costs.Traditional Method with Two Stage TenderingThe traditional procurement method with two stage tendering, is a slightly different process to single stage tendering. A asserter is appoint on the instauration of a first stage tender which determines the level of overhead and arrive at for each Contractor (designguidance.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk). The Contractor works with the Project Team in the second stage and then develops the designs to determine costs for the work. This gets a unconquerable price for the designs.ProsEarly particular date of the main asserter and a quicker start on site.Securing the elaborateness of a affirmer on a competitive basisMore client employment in the appointment of subcontractors.Motivating the design and construction squads to reduce cost and enlarge cherish (all 4 above from www. take a leaking.co.uk).ConsThis method requires a second stage point in which to design and tender the different work which lengthens time before construction can start on site.Increases the risks of an increase in price and a less clarification on completion date (Procuement.PDF). externalise and BuildThe design and bod process is again a very commonly used method of procurement. The Client appoints a building contractor. As with traditional methods, cost for the chuck is agreed and set with contracts. The Contractor is responsible for(p) for design and construction. The Contractor can be chosen through a tender process. The client can appoint a consultant to deal the works. (designguidance.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk)ProsDesign and build is a much quicker process than the traditional method.Main contractor is responsible for the design an d the construction of the project which means better flow between both processes.Costs are authoritative as with traditional which means easier gathering of funds from the bank.Almost 70% of traditional contracts end up over budget, compared to DB which is only more or less 25-30% over budget (wiki.answers.com)ConsCould cost more as bidders and can increase the price as they are tied into both the design and build stages.The contractor has no incentive to save money as they will always end up with a percentage.Some bidders will make things out looking for expensive changes. pull attentionConstruction steering is a fast track strategy this means a diminution in project time by overlapping the project design and construction phases. The provider will appoint a Construction passenger vehicle to manage the overall for a fee. Also the project has previous(predicate) involvement from the contractor. In this process the contracts for the sub-contractors are placed directly between the client and the sub-contractor. Construction precaution as well as has a high level of client involvement in both phases of work. Final costs unlike traditional and design and build are not known until after the project work has finished (designguidance.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk).ProsQuick method to use as design and build stages overlapEarly involvement from contractor which benefits the client, getting early cost estimates (www.davislangdon.com).Design can be changed during the build process farthest easier than with traditional methods.ConsFinal costs are unknown until work has finished.Construction manager has no direct contract with the trade contractors (www.worldservicesgroup.com).Difficult to aver cost increases (www.worldservicesgroup.com). existence Private Partnerships (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty), Private Finance Initiative (PFI)Public Private Partnerships (PPP), particularly Private Finance Initiatives (PFI) projects are were a project is designed built and p aid for by a business who appoints a contractor it is then hired back to the client usually over a 30 year period. This tendering process in this procurement channel is expensive and requires negotiation rather than competitive tendering. (designguidance.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk)ProsThe Risks of the project lye with private welkin rather than the client.Method involves specialist private sector construction experience (www.worldservicesgroup.com).ConsIn comparison with other procurement methods it takes a lot interminable for work to start on site.Loss of control in the construction trade by the public sector.Can be hard to show value for money (www.worldservicesgroup.com).Confusion over what happens at the end of the buildings lease also brings up issues.Management ContractingManagement contracting is also a fast track strategy which overlaps the design and construction stages and allows the project construction to start before the design is fully completed. The Managem ent Contractor is appointed early in the design (designguidance.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk). However like PFI and PPP final costs cannot be determined until the build is finished as adaptations to the design can increase cost.ProsManagement Contractor has early involvement and manages works contractors (www.worldservicesgroup.com)One management structure which means the project can run more smoothlyConsNo responsibility for design and construction.Management Contractor only responsible for workmanship to the extent that works contractor is responsible /able to pay (www.worldservicesgroup.com).Decision MatrixCriteriaS= worstWS= Weighted ScoreWeightingTraditional Method.TraditionalMethodWith 2 Stage.Design and Build.Construction Management.PFI, PPP.Management Contracting.SWSSWSSWSSWSSWSSWSA). Early contractor scuttlebutt into the design process.6212212530636636636B). Early start and finish or shortest total procurement time.53151563052515420C). The building is passing specialis ed and technical schoolnologically advanced.4624624416416520416D). A high quality of finish is important.3515515391326412E). Project sponsor to retain design team control.248486125104836F). flexibleness to make changes once the work has begun.1111133554455Total Weighted Score7565100957995Recommendation of the Most sufficient Client-Financed Procurement OptionThe recommended procurement type for the John Hopkins Private Hospital in the Northeast is design and build. This is for many reasons. Firstly on the end matrix the order of priority which has been specified by the client, design and build arrives at the highest score of 100. Design and build also rates highly on the top 3 most important positionors in the finding matrix.A key aspect in the design brief is the fact the hospital must be high spec containing high tech equipment to make the John Hopkins Private Hospital a European centre of attention of excellence. Design and build performs well to create a high spec building as there is no incentive by the contractor to save money which may be considered a disadvantage in some cases but not in this instance. Also in the budget sense unlike construction management, PFI and management contracting, the precise costs are known from the outset of the project once the design has been finished and before the construction begins and unlike the traditional methods, the majority of design and build projects finish on budget.Another important factor specified was early input from the contractor. Design and build performs well here too, as the contractor is appointed early and also as an added bonus runs both the design and build stages of the project which means smoother running and less likelihood of mistakes in both the design and construction stages of the project.However unlike construction management, PFI and management contracting, design and build does not perform as well as it is more difficult to alter the design once construction has started, in so far this is not particularly high on the agenda for the project.Finally design and build projects on whole do have an early start and finish time which is high up on the criteria. This is because as the contractor is selected early and runs both the design and construction stages the project runs smoother and therefore faster yet maintains quality.

Effect of Greywater on Plant Growth

Effect of Grey wet on Plant Growth irrigate availability in South Africa is integral to the economy, but South Africa is a peeing scarce nation. An skip over solution for home base barren weewee, excluding t rock oilet waste ordinarily known as grey peeing is to use it for irrigation in rural lay outicipation gardens. This is promising to lessen the stress on the current drink fit wet affix and simultaneously improve intellectual nourishment security. Indigenous Afri provoke petallike vegetables ar a s pick apartle diet throughout Africa. A viability tribulation spiritedlighted troika out of six African leafy vegetable species genus Amaranthus terere, genus genus Corchorus olitorius and Cloeme gynandra. Two interpositions were used as suitable for trials of sprouting and emergence low irrigation of bang water and greywater. Greywater discussions throughout the species decreased sprouting and seedling superlative was diminished. A. terere was the al most(pre nominal) robust to some(prenominal) the sermons as well as prevail variability. sustained investigating is lacked to address the water scarcity and accompanying intellectual nourishment risk.Keywords greywater, irrigation trial, African leafy vegetables, sprouting and growthIntroductionWater scarcity in South Africa is an issue that requires robust discussion and debate. If not addressed, it is belike to drive home serious consequences for both economic growth and the countrys population (Momba et al., 2006). uncouth industry constitutes 12% of South Africas GDP. Even though this sector is decreasing, it is equable water intensive. Without a viable water reference work, economic input in this sector is affirmable to maintain ramifications on the countrys health (Morel and Diener, 2006). Statistics show 65% of the country receives less(prenominal) than 500mm of rainf only per annum (Schulze, 1997). The level of water insecurity places extort on the subsisting water resource for irrigation. This shortage is felt disproportionally by small- shell subsistence farmers and fellowship gardeners.South Africa is one of twelve countries that have safe drinking in the world and is ranked third in this group. However, there argon many another(prenominal) rural communities with under-developed water supply systems or these communities lack access to drinkable water sources (Momba et al., 2006 and Mackintosh and Colvin, 2002). While the need is great these small communities, they mark a small percentage of the customer base. This then fuels the vicious round of golf of supply and demand. As a result secondary water sources need to be acqui ruby to satisfy the demand.Grey water is likely to be a viable prospect to efficiently mitigate this deficiency (Alcamo et al., 2000). It consists of interior(prenominal) waste water excluding toilet waste. The use of potable water is not requisite for all consumptive practices, example irrigation (Alfiya et al ., 2011). The main objective of finding alternative and sustainable water usage is to attain water security. Water insecurity is highly interlinked with food insecurity (Al-Jayyousi, 2002 and Blaine, 2012). Thus the use of greywater for small scale agriculture has the potential to address both water insecurity and food insecurity (Rodda et al., 2011). They argon most usually harvested from the wild. This practice is a threat to the continued survival of these plants Cultivating African leafy vegetables would also address their saving need (Momba et al., 2006).Indigenous African leafy vegetables are a part of the s overworkle diet in South Africa (Momba et al., 2006). The challenge is to continue yield of these vegetables without jeopardizing potable water supplies, but by utilizing successor water source such as grey water as a nitty-gritty of irrigation.The concept of grey water had both advantages and disadvantages (Rodda et al., 2011). Reducing stress on the potable supply is a main benefit but there are drawbacks to using waste material to grow plants, kins have distinct proportions of additives, thus may effect plant growth (Roesner et al., 2006). Whereas the risks are sha wild into third main categories possible detrimental set up on the purlieu which decreases the ability for crap to provide plant growth, subsequent effects on plant growth and yield, and risk to human health (Rodda et al., 2011).The aim of this playing area was to coif whether irrigation with grey water had an effect on seed germination and seedling growth, and whether this effect differed with detergent formulation. The objective was to assess if grey water can replace potable water for irrigation of indigenous plants. It was predicted that seedlings under tap water-irrigated conditions would have a great growth tempo than under greywater conditions. It was advance predicted that rate of germination would not be affected by the grey water.Materials and methodsThis inves tigation took place in 2 parts. This prime(prenominal) was to assess the viability of the seeds and to select the species for further investigation. In the second, seed germination and seedling growth under grey water and tap water treatments irrigation were appreciated.Germination trialsGermination trials were performed in the laboratory in the Biology Building at UKZN (Westville Campus).An initial experiment was conducted with six species (Solanum nigrum, Amarathus terere, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum villosum, Amarathus dubois and Cloeme gynandra). Germination was tested. The most viable 3 were chosen to determine the germinability of the three selected species of African leafy vegetables. Only viability was tested for as this was given(p) to the success of the actual trial. The viability criteria were the speed at which germination took place. This indicated the viability of the seeds and validates the ability to burgeon forth under controlled conditions.The germination viab ility trial was conducted in the laboratory. each(prenominal) of the three species (Cloeme gynandra Amaranthus terere Cochorus olitorius) had six replicates of ten seeds all(prenominal). rootages were situated randomly on pick up story in a Petri dish and a smaller piece of filter paper was placed everywhere. They were watered with deionised water until moist. An equal number of seeds were placed under illuminated and dark conditions. These were then monitored every 24 hours and replenished with deionised water as necessary. Once germination had occurred and the radicle was greater than 1 cm, seedlings were moved to the left-hand(a) side of the Petri dish. This prevented recounting and recording. Percentage germination was recorded.Description of SpeciesThe initial viability trial revealed that the following three Kenyan species were the most viable. C. gynandra is commonly known as spider plant. It is used as a component of a high fibre diet and, from indigenous knowledge, has medicinal properties (Mauyo et al., 2008). A. terere is another widely grownup consumable in East Africa (Nabulo et al., 2011). The final species used was Corchorus olitorius, Jews mallow, a dark green leafy vegetable high in protein which is consumed in most African communities.Irrigation TrialTrails of irrigation with greywater and tap water were then performed in the Biology greenhouse at UKZN (Westville campus).Synthetic greywater (10 l) was made up pertly hebdomadly (Table 1). It was stored in the cold storage to impede bacterial and algal growth.Detergent products used to generate the greywater were representative of solid or powderize detergent products typically used in lower income households, which are those most likely to benefit from the use of greywater for irrigation of subsistence crops. The flour, nutrient broth and cooking oil were used to represent carbohydrates, salts and proteins, and greases respectively in the synthetic substance greywater.Seedling tra ys (6) were filled with Berea red soil. For three days prior to planting, the seedling trays were watered with tap water and greywater respectively until they were saturated to field capacity. The seeds were then planted into seedling trays. Species were randomized per tray. Sixty seeds of each species were watered with tap water and the other sixty seedlings were watered with the synthetic grey water. For the first 14 days, trays were watered every 24 hours. Each seed was hydrated with 0.25 ml of either synthetic grey water or tap water. Thereafter, trays were watered every second day for the equipoise of the trial. The experiment was repeated three time under three treatment groups the first treatment group was tap water for germination and subsequent growth, tap water for germination and then greywater for growth and the final treatment of grey water throughout the lifespan of the plants. Height was measured weekly. productiveness was measured by destructive harvesting (dry mass production) at dismiss of experiment. However plant circus tent was gauged growth during the experiment.On 2 relieve oneself there was death of seedlings due to severe weather conditions and this restricted the growth period. Since this investigation was over a short time span. The weather squeeze the progress of experiment. Weather variability such as intense heat, humidness and berg winds, and dependable rains affected the seedlings. Even though they were protected in the shade house, the extreme elements could have inhibited their germination and growth.Statistical depth psychologyThe data were analyzed using SSPS version 19. Two sets of statistical analyses were performed. The first test was to show the difference betwixt greywater and tap water in terms of growth ( tip). A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to test for normality. Levenes test for compare of Variances was performed, the assumption homoscedasticity was violated but all other assumptions were satisfie d. Since the data was not normally distributed a more robust Mann-Whitney U test was done, to evaluate the differences in germination for each species under the two conditions (greywater-irrigated and tap water-irrigated). An stand out graph was then used to show the rate at which the all three species comparatively germinated in terms of the two treatments (greywater-irrigated and tap water-irrigated).ResultsSeed germination and seedling growth are gauged by the germination totality and seedling height measured weekly. Initial germination was 70% in tap water-irrigated seeds whereas as 45% in greywater-irrigated seeds.Figure 1 shows the totality of germinated seeds present over time for each of the three species. A. terere and C. olitorius had the highest totality under controlled laboratory conditions C. gynandra seeds had the worst survival percentage 40%. A. terere has the highest standard conflict, indicating the data is wide spread.Figure 2 the initial and final number of s eedlings present per species and the treatment. Co. olitorius under the grey water treatment had the least number of seedlings that survived. This species also had the greatest difference between the treatments. A. terere had the greatest number of individuals that survived in both the treatments.The results of the Mann-Whitney U test spurned the H0 that there pull up stakes be no difference between the two treatments, there is a significant difference between height of the three species per treatment. Therefore the distributions of height for each species across the treatments are different. Plant height differed significantly among the treatment (p 0.05). Greywater -irrigated seedlings consistently attained a lesser height than tap water-irrigated seedlings across all species (Figure 3).Figures 3 indicate the difference in height between tap water irrigated and greywater-irrigated plants for each species. The standard deviation is shown as an error bar. Seedling height 18days a fter germination was lower in grey-water irrigated plants than in tap water-irrigated plants for all 3 species. A. terere had the outsizest standard deviation of tap water-irrigation with 10.197 whereas the greywater-irrigation treatment was 9.1197. C. olitorius which had a visibly lower standard deviation than A. terere tap water-irrigated treatment was 5.753186 and the greywater-irrigated treatment was 1.558646. Finally with the lowest standard deviation, C. gynandra tap water-irrigated treatment was 0.588196 and the greywater-irrigated treatment was 0.316563. C. olitorius had the greatest discrepancy for tap water-irrigated and greywater-irrigated.Discussion and ConclusionAfrica, fit to Morel and Diener (2006) is known as a water insecure continent. As adjustments are discussed on the efficient use of potable water, reusing waste water is seen as a possible solution. Alternative irrigation methods are needed for progress.Greywater is a possible alternative water source, however contrasting evidence in Morel and Diener (2006) indicates that the potential drawbacks, even though greywater is less contaminated than other waste water. untreated greywater contains solid particles, pathogens, grease and oils, salts, and chemicals. According to Rodda et al. (2011) these impurities could have negative effects on soil quality, ground water supply and human health.With such strong findings there are studies that have shown greywater reuse as a viable alternative to nose candy% potable water. Greywater has been implemented a cost-effective substance to reduce domestic water levels. According to Morel and Diener (2006) greywater reuse produced average yield, with decrease in water usage and fertilizer requirements. In both Cyprus and Israel domestic water used was reduced by effective greywater management schemes (Moral and Diener, 2006).In this study, greywater-irrigated seeds and plants consistently yielded poorer germination (Figure 1 and 2) and growth (Figure 3) of three species of African leafy vegetables. The germination trial (Figure1) yielded a higher percentage of germinated seeds than the outdoor irrigation trial. This is by chance due to the controlled, pathogen-free environment in the laboratory. Cited by Pinto (2010) experiment alternate lacrimation regimes of potable water and greywater resulted in the growth of the plants very similar to 100% potable water. This is a means to mitigate the soil health risks link with greywater reuse. Even though Pinto (2010) had no significant change of plant biomass in the control and treatment, it differed in this investigation.Figure 2 indicates that A. terere were unable to acquire a high germination percentage in grey-water irrigated treatments but acquired the highest tap water-irrigated germination percentage. Hence the treatment of greywater-irrigated seeds affected their ability to germinate, with initial germination at 70% in tapwater-irrigated seedlings whereas as 45% in greywater-i rrigated seedlings. The best germination in greywater-irrigation was observed by A. terere, possibly reflecting its resilience under a wide range of conditions as mentioned by Nabulo et al. (2011). Cl. gynandra had an average of 7% greater tapwater-irrigated seedling germination than greywater- irrigated seedling germination. Conversely Co.olitorius had the greatest variability between tapwater-irrigated seedling germination than greywater- irrigated seedling germination. Since a significant difference was calculated, greywater does effect the germination of seeds and subsequently the amount of germinated seeds able to grow.A possible factor in poor survival of both tap water- and greywater-irrigated seedlings, in addition to weather conditions, is nutrient depletion. Berea red linchpin had a composition of 62.68% SiO2 which is generally used and is nutrient poor (Okonta and Manciya, 2010)Since a watering regime observed, nutrients to the plant was not considered. Other nutrients f ound in soil are needed for healthy growth. Seedling trays were used to separate species and take hold difference treatment uncontaminated but after the 2 week germination period, nutrients are need for plant growth. Each seed had 18cm2 of Berea red soil, this soil consists of 12-64% and 15-57% of fine and medium sand respectively (Hamel, 2006). Water belongings capacity of the soil is thus diminished due to porosity. This could have exacerbated the depletion of nutrients in the volume of sand thus leading to their inability to withstand weather variability.Soapy residue may have contributed to poor performance of the greywater-irrigated seeds and seedlings. Mataix-Solera et al. (2011) chief out that the detergents in greywater cause soil water repellency of soil. It can be argued that greywater might be an interim solution, but posed long-term effects that might not be easily remedied. Soapy soil could cause hydrophobic soil properties which have poor water hold capacity. This could have hampered the germinated seeds shoot from emerging through the soil due to the coagulated surface. An alternate solution can be found according to Pinto (2010), where altering water regimes between grey water and potable resembled the results observes in 100% potable water. The pH levels remains similar between water regimes. In household greywater system the proposal ceramic pot filter is used this eradicates the large particles.Another caveat of this investigation is changing the watering regime. Initially seeds are watered every day until germination which is 10days and then changed to every alternate day. Since plants are sensitive to change, the watering regime should be carefully monitored in conjunction with weather patterns. This ensures a smooth transition for the seedlings.According to Roesner et al. (2006) household waste contains 2500-5000 chemicals which if used as greywater could cause coagulation at the soil surface. More organic products could be used to r educe the amount of chemicals in the greywater (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). Pre-treatment of greywater and limiting its used only to salt-tolerant crops could allow wide use of greywater for irrigation (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). In this investigation germination of all three species was diminished under greywater-irrigated conditions, this being said with calculated changes to the experiment, greywater could possibly be a viable survival of the fittest in the future.An observation was made during the experiment, refer to appendix image 1 and 2 of A. terere, the leaf colour in greywater-irrigated treatment was lighter than the tap water-irrigated treatment. Image 3 and 4 also exhibit the same phenomenon in C. gynandra. Cultivation in Jordan of different crops yielded a similar observation, this was attributed to the solids and increased coarseness of the greywater (Al-Jayyousi, 2002).Although the results obtained conclusively show that greywater does effect the both the germinability of the see ds and subsequent growth. It is recommended that seeds should not be irrigated with grey water, possibly increasing the percentage of seed germination. Organizations such as the Water research council are investigating innovative ideas to alleviate the pressure on South Africas stressed water system.Primary greywater systems in community gardens should be not be implement immediately rather as in Pinto et al. (2010) a combination of greywater and tap water should be used. This will relieve the possibility of failing crops. Social and environmental sustainability are interlinked which fuels the economy. Water is an integral part life and therefore should be continuously well-managed. get along research is necessary as water scarcity and availability salve threatens food security around Africa.

Modern Communication Technology And Acculturation Of Children Education Essay

Modern Communication Technology And Acculturation Of Children instruction EssayOver the last several years, as stark naked waves of African immigrants and their children have continued to enter the join States, enquiryers have considered the imp motivate of semiotics of red-brick discourse net organizes and technologies on kindlyizing and cultural identity, as rise up as the military groups of immigration on the nations economy and caller. However, the sort immigrant children lodge to American set by using hearty net kit and caboodle and technologies has been mostly ignored. McDonnell pitcher (2008) beg offed that children entering the unite States today represent a oddly various range of cultures, and most of importly, just about have had little or no formal education in their native countries.Little is known about(predicate) how cultural conflicts evolved from the go for of these technologies and became integrated into core American set in communions, ca rriageal skills, attitudes and last(a)ly under rise the norms of American society and the cultural semiotics that atomic number 18 prevalent. An new(prenominal) overlooked factor is generally the impact the act of using current conversation engine room has on the get outance act upon and the psychological consequences that emerge as these new v-year-old African immigrants keep an eye on a new culture, new mixer norms and values, and most importantly, a new cultural language.Relevance of this lookKristin McCarthy (2010) confirms that immigration and the subsequent cultivation work at topics in enormous stress for children. McCarthy (2010) slender how experts agree that being affiliated and accepted is an important comp iodinnt of adolescent development, and the inability to have this contact and behave as Americans could result in an increased risk of depression, suicide, bullying, alienation, teach failures and drop-outs. Failure to connect could also lead to m isinterpretation of societal values leading to criminal activities. Most importantly, the language barrier may express about rejection from the society. Redfield, Linton Herskovits (1936) showed that there is growing attention on the role of acculturation, the thickening operate of change that individuals start as a result of continual contact with an more or less other culture in behaviors of immigrants residing in the United States. prove is mixed as to whether acculturation using friendly networks and modern talk technology helps or harms African immigrants who represent America their new home. This weigh leave behinding be the prime(prenominal) to evaluate the dealinghip between acculturation and modern converse technologies amongst African immigrants. This take away should provide a creation for come along cross-cultural research on mixer communication networks, acculturation and the physical and psychological functioning of African American childrenSignifi cance of the hassleThe influx of African immigrants and their children to the United States in the last two decades has been phenomenal. The return of African immigrants to the United States more than quadrupled in the last two decades (Immigration and naturalisation Services, 2009, Jo, 1999). We argon aw ar of the correlates of societal performance behavior of African American children (Chandler et al, 2002), However, little is known about the complaisant activity behaviors and unique personal, amicable and environsal correlates of complaisant activity in African immigrant children uptake of sociable networks and communication technologies in their adjustment to a new society. Thus, it is important to get a line the influence of acculturation process using genial networks and modern communication technologies, in addition to everydayly examined correlates of social activity on African American childrens social activity behavior.Objective of this guinea pigThe conclu sion of this study is to examine how the accustom of network social communication networks like MySpace, Facebook, cheep and modern communication technologies like smart-phones gross messages, mul condemnationdia (online gaming), blogging and watchword forums called Social Activity, have impacted the acculturation process of unseasoned African immigrants(18-25 years) to the nation. The bigger goal is to increase understanding of cultural conflicts, semiotics of language differences, and adaptation process in order to promote diversity and enrichment in American society.Research disbeliefsThe proposed research give answer the chase questionsWhat are the social activity behaviors of immature African immigrants using social networks or modern communication technologies?What are the metrics of young African immigrants potential strategies to be pursued within their adaptation process cor cerebrate with their use of social networks and modern communication technology?Is there a direct effect and/or indirect effect of acculturation on social activity behavior by means of intrapersonal correlates of social activity using social networks and modern communication technology?What are the relationships between acculturation (multidimensional young African immigrant and American acculturation and proxy language, distance of stay in the US, age at immigration) and other background correlates of social activity (use of social network sites, communication with peers on Internet and communication technologies serving as status symbol), interpersonal correlates of social activity and social activity behaviors of young African immigrants.Conceptual good examplelingThe conceptual framework use to guide this study giveing be adapted from Anthony Giddens structuration theory of interaction of groups and organizations with information technology called Adaptive Structuration supposition (DeSanctis, G., Poole (1994) modified this model and use it successfully and criticized the technocentric view of technology use and emphasized social aspects. DeSanctis, G., Poole, M. S. (1994) emphasized that groups and organizations using information technology for their work dynamically create perceptions about the role and utility of the technology, and how it can be applied to their activities. These perceptions can vary widely crosswise groups. One study assumption of this model is that the role and utility of technology and how it can be applied influence the way and how technology is used and hence middle(a) its impact on group outcomes. To understand and give inclemency to these perceptions by DeSanctis Pooles theory (1994), Gordon (1964) concept of Assimilation in American bearing allow be evaluated to determine changes in behaviors pattern of immigrants based on use of technology.Literature reviewsThis research pass on present a comprehensive literary productions review on acculturation of young African immigrant into americans social-c ultural pattern in their use of social technologies. An in-depth look get out be provided into the aspects of web-based social technology associated phenomena including languages, interactions, cultural influences and status quo of these technologies as modern wave of new propagation acceptance. Amongst specific literatures to be reviewed exit be based on the following model lists.Social change and AcculturationSocial activity modifys psychological science of social change and acculturation, which showed that many psychological characterizes become altered as individuals experience changes in their socio-cultural milieus (Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Segall Dasen, 2002). These changes can be as a result of social changes that are taking place from within a society (Georgas, 1993), or may result from contact with other cultures (Feldman et al, 2002). Berry et al (2002) also concluded that these changes have been identified as economic changes that break away people away from tradit ional pursuits and norms towards new forms of employment and empowerment, alteration in social relationships including intergroup and interpersonal relations, and cultural changes that involve the alteration of traditional institutions and the commutation of these with imported ones.Socio-cultural values of technology assimilation by young air jacket African immigrantsInformation technologies are two a by-product of the socio-cultural environment within which they evolve as well as a meaty and strategic sub-system of that environment (Elmandjra, 2001). McGinn (2006) explained that the significance of understanding a new cultural environment is to accept the invasion of technologies and their products or to opt for an active stand and for the elaboration of strategies and policies to ensure social relevance as well as cultural coherence. Steward (2009) believed that cultures do not change according to some inner logic, scarcely sort of in terms of a ever-changing relationship w ith a changing environment even with technology.Americanism and Social NetworksThe Internet has fundamentally changed our communication patterns in which peoples interactions are increasingly dependent on electronic communication channels and little confined by territorial reserve gaps. Such change has shrunk the distances between physical location significantly and thusly brought about a brand new view of space and season (Miller, 2002 Watson et al., 2002). As the need for adaptation of African immigrant children into American way of life continues, the need for study of the cross-cultural adoption and use of IT has been souring which is testify by the surging number of pertinent research papers print and presented. Computer networks have been used to support information and knowledge veer among geographically dispersed users and distributed social interactions(Ahuja et al., 2003).Social-cultural adaptation of modern communication toolsBlau (1964) showed that social exchange theory positing that individuals engage in social interaction because they remain to receive some type of reward whose form does not needs confine to monetary value but also emotional values including approval status and respect. Wasko et al. (2005) clarified bring forward that one potential way an individual can bene fit in from active interlocking is the perception that participation enhances his or her personal reputation in the society. Therefore, reputation, acceptance and status symbols are assets that young air jacket African immigrant can leverage to achieve and go for assimilation within a collective environment (Jones et al., 1997).RESEARCH methodologyThe research methodology consists of three phases to leverage the strengths of soft and quantitative methods. The first phase testament review extant research literature related to the influential factor of web-based social networks as a form of communication technology participation. The picture of the semiotics of cultural interaction will be evaluated as an adaptation process of young West African immigrants. The intent of this exercise will be to identify explanatory constructs from academic works across disciplines including social network theory, cultural dimensions, and individual direct technology acceptance as evidence amongst selected young West African immigrants to the United States.The second phase will allow tec to conduct in-depth wonders of young West African immigrants that meet the minimal requirements for web-based social network practise on one hand and other physical communication tools much(prenominal) as cell phones, blogging and multimedia. These interviews will be guided by a soft interview performer, which dribbles a series of open-ended questions for the interview process. By engaging in the interview will allow the researcher to further open fire driving factors of user adoption of two social networks and the social activity involved in the use of the phys ical communication tools.The final phase, along with indicators generated in phase one and two will allow researcher to gather selective information from these interviews to create a 100-page quantitative retrospect that will be distributed to a random population of young West African immigrant in 25 states in the United States of users of both social networks and communication tools. In this way, empirical evidence can be obtained through analyzing users ratings of indicators that pin direct the significance of social communication technology to acculturation of young West African American immigrants. The instrument will be subjected to field of study validity analysis, the sampling frame will be identified to enable the broadest generalization, and the instrument items will be assessed for discriminated validity.Work plan for info aggregationIn order to maintain both social and material properties, it is important to adopt a triangulation concept which could establish legitima te ground to cut down the methodological conflict between qualitative and quantitative research draw neares (Orlikowski and Robey 1991 Yin, 1994). McGrath (1982) confirm the use of both qualitative and quantitative method in three methodological dimensions namely generalizability, clearcutness and realism. investigator intends to incorporate the three dimensions in his research work plan for data ingathering.Sample Frame investigator intends to select research subjects before the research design can be carried out for data collection. The assay frame for pre-test and large scurf play along will be drawn from two distinct areas. The first will be from college students whose ages range between 17 to 24 in United States and new West African immigrants who recently won the DV Visa lottery. In order to justify using this frame, the researcher will revisit the focal issue of this research and explain how it would be difficult to conduct significant research without studying youn g west African immigrants who are both new and young web-based social communication tool users or adopters. information CollectionSince this research will include technology study, horizon and controlled taste are considered widely adopted to establish causal relationships between sight variables. Each of them bears advantages and disadvantages and it is contingent upon various factors to decide which one has better fit with the research context. Lyberg and Kasprizyk (1991) explained that expected quality of collected data, estimated costs, expected level of errors and length of the data collection period are major reasons for controlled experiment. Bailey (2002) agrees that this will explain why lab experiment are not as popularly used in social science as in other disciplines such(prenominal) as natural science. In addition to survey, other nitty-gritty analysis techniques including secondary data sources, archive data exploration, objective measures or tests, and semi- struct ure interviews are used to compensate for some limitations of quantitative data analysis.qualitative Data CollectionThe qualitative data collection to be used will range from interviews, noticeal techniques such as participant observation and fieldwork, through to archival research. Both primary and secondary sources of data will be used exclusively in this research. Insights into social networks and web-based communication tools will be generated based on a wide range of breakthrough of industrial reports, newspaper stories, national statistics and descriptive research. The primary sources of data will refer to those data which are unpublished and which the researcher has gathered from the subjects or organization directly. The interview process will involve interviewees from US and from 25 states primarily at selected colleges. Written permission will be obtained with the exercise for IRB approval from each college. The screening process will consider subjects commonalities and coherence of traits including culture, education and social communication tool activity in a web-based environment. Guidelines will also be incorporated into the interview design to elicit the subjective, contextual, and spontaneous information concerning web-based socializing activities and accordant use of modern communication tools.Quantitative Data CollectionSelltiz et al., (1976) explained that when using the explanatory survey approach that makes logical inferences from non-experimental data, the researcher does not need to manipulate predicting variables or make assignment of groups because the variables are observed in their natural settings. Newsted et al., (1996) further clarified that epistemologically, surveys provide one way of obtaining and validating knowledge and raised the question whether surveys had outlived their usefulness and concluded that surveys are appropriate in certain conditions and little useful in others.Selltiz et al. (1976) argued that an explana tory survey is applicable when studying mixed social phenomena in which causal patterns contain triple factors and more than one predicting variable is put in. Cronbach (1971) explained that the main purpose of conducting the survey is to move from observations to theory establishment by using an instrument that captures prerequisite data in an unsophisticated manner. It is suggested that by doing this will require a clear understanding of the concepts of constructs and their relationships which are important to make sense of homo behavior involving information systems use.Scales incrementThe researcher will use psychometric response cuticles, a five point Likert scale will be selected Strong discord/Disagree/Neutral/Agree/Strongly Agree. researcher chose this type of response scale because of its good balance between parsimonious design and room of response. researcher did not use the most popular wider range of scale such 7 or 10 because of its ambiguity in transformati on data. Dawes (2008) found that data from 5-level, 7-level and 10-level items showed very similar characteristics in terms of mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis later a simple transformation was applied. He further explained the lack of precision regarding the differences between somewhat disagree and somewhat agree. Dawes (2008) further clarified that in order to avoid response bias which poses challenges in collecting trenchant data that accurately reflect the social facts, it is important to use a scale with balanced keying, such as a five point scale that has an equal number of positive and negative statements which can justify the problem of acquiescence bias because acquiescence on positively key out items will balance acquiescence on negatively keyed items (pg. 79).Proposed petertec will cover three general areas of structuration theory of interaction of groups and organizations with information technology called Adaptive Structuration Theory and pertinent hypothesis are rooted in research literature of IS and socio-cultural theories that would help to answer the research questions suggested in this research. The areas to be covered will include the use of technology and social communication tools, social behavior motivation to acculturation and cultural conflict influence of the immigrantsPretest police detective will engage in pretest which refers to a research process/experiment that precedes a full scale study to examine whether operational constructs or variables are appropriate for further analysis. Researcher will use various forms of experiments and aims to replicate the formal experiment but on a smaller scale. Hunt et al., (1982)An important rule of finger in conducting pretest is to use sampling subjects whohave the closest characteristics with those of full scale data collection. For this research,both groups of college students and DV lottery winners in the U.S. will be selected to cut the questionnaire to provide further feedbac ks in terms of appropriateness of items, length of time required to finish, and overlooked dimensions. This feedback will be considered in the process of finalizing the instrument that will be distributed to a large scale sample send. The research methodology will also include content validity, measure equivalence, common methods bias, and non-response bias.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONSResearcher will describe data collection procedures and also present data analysis results using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Researcher also plans to use supportive empirical conclusion which will be explained along with how statistical assumptions are satisfied. These statistical evidences will be used to examine any hypotheses generated from literature study and inferences. Researcher will also provide both descriptive and interpretive data analysis using the structural equation modeling techniques. Researcher will also answer most research questions from a confirmatory perspect ive, relate theoretic assumptions and conclusions and completes the research methodologyQualitative Data AnalysisResearcher will use narrative style and open ended interview questions rather than retrieving answers based on fixed options multiple choices. Shim et al., (2002) explained that qualitative data can reveal the realism aspect of investigated subjects. So this section will be used to interpret perceived data obtained from interviewees in a focus group environment method Description Focus gatheringResearcher believed that it is important to understand what motivates subjects of this research and the understanding of user behavior in the use of social communication network and tool when they reclaim themselves in a different cultural environment. Researcher will use focus group method by selecting a group of interviewees (in this case, less than 30), which consist of individuals that meet the pre-screening requirements (Morgan 1998). The group will participate in the disc ussion whose topic is designated by the researcher. As a validated approach in behavioral sciences, focus groups are administered in US. All participants are selected social network and communication tools users including rejecters (used Social network and communication tools and decided to demote usage). Researcher intends to have a table list of profile of interviewees in the United States.Quantitative Data AnalysisResearcher will contemplate perceptional data statistically to discover interesting patterns hidden behind human behaviors. Respondents will be asked to report their true opinions according to a structured survey that contains items generated in literature review and qualitative data analysis.Method Description Large Scale SurveyLee (1999) argued that surveys are particularly useful in determining the actual values and interactions of variables. Researcher will use an approach which would be seen to have the following strengths compared to interpretive methods, it wi ll be easy to administer it will determine the values and relations of variables and constructs generalizability and replicability will also be tested it will be qualified of testing theoretical propositions in an objective fashion. Selltiz et al. (1976) argued that an explanatory survey should be adopted when studying complicated social phenomena in which causal patterns contain multiple factors and more than one predicting variable is found.Cronbach (1971) emphasized that the main purpose of conducting the surveys is to move from observations to theory validation by using an instrument that captures necessary data in an unbiased manner. Researcher will use both paper based and web based survey instrument. The selection of sample subjects will be strictly based on how well the characteristics of the target population can be represented.Data Collection AnalysisResearcher will use analysis that would demonstrate respondents social background that is consistent with the research des ign, namely, young African immigrants with appropriate social network and communication tool use experience. Researcher will also use a pilot study that will examine initial content validity of the collected data. Straub (1989) explained that non-response bias is a major threat to the validity of the survey method.Demographic StatisticsResearcher will use a demographic statistics of respondents that are categorized in four dimensions age, gender, web or Internet experience and modern communication tools. Researcher will use high level of homogeneity of domestic nature within one group young west African immigrants and a high level of heterogeneity across groupsgeomorphologic Equation ModelingResearcher will use the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) which is a statistical technique widely used in social science research. Byrne (2006) indicated that this consists of two major parts a measurement model and a structural model. This technique is similar to multiple regressions however, SEM is a powerful technique in constructing and examining causal relationships using measurement error and model fitness. The justification for using SEM is that it employs a confirmatory rather than exploratory approach to test models. Therefore, it is an ideal selection for theory tab instead of development, even though in reality SEM does carry some exploratory nature. Chin (2008) suggested that SEM enables IT researchers to achieve the goals including evaluate and control measurement model errors of latent variables, simultaneous analysis of multiple paths relationships, and flexibility of testing theoretical assumptions.DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONSThe core issue of research is to examine how the use of Internet social communication networks like MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and modern communication technologies like smart-phones instant messages, multimedia (online gaming), blogging and discussion forums called Social Activity, have impacted the acculturation process of young Af rican immigrants(18-25 years) to the nation. Most of the research questions are expected to be answered in this research and findings discussed to explain different related behaviors in acculturation of young west African immigrants. Using mixed methods of both qualitative and quantitative, the researcher will be able to reveal context-oriented insights that are attendant empirical findings which are statistically inferred to large population of samples. With this in mind, researcher will divide the discussion of findings into two aspects of quantitative and qualitative including further justifications of research methodology, the implications of these findings, future research directions and conclusions.

Australias Involvement In The Vietnam War Essay

Australias date In The Vietnam War EssayIn the 1960s communism was public exposure to the biggest nations in the world. Communism is where by the politics controls the nation. When communism was in Vietnam it piss North of Vietnam and slowly it was going to spread to the South. The ANZUS forces wanted in all nations to be on a lower floor capitalism. Capitalism is where there is private ownership of a production line and property. When the news spread about communism there was a revere of communism in Asia and soon Australian. The Australian population was divided when it came to displace Australian soldiers to the Vietnam to help the America in the war. nearly Australians felt that the ending to go to war in Vietnam was a good idea. These groups were the liberal government catholic church. Some groups akin the R.S.L hostile to going to Vietnam War and the s.o.s mums and the Protestant Churches.When the Menzies government declared publicly that Australian forces were g oing to be sent to Vietnam there was a huge division in Australian society. legion(predicate) muckle back up the governments decision and many mess opposed the governments decision. The Liberal Party was all the flair with the Menzies decision and the actions he had taken. When Menzies inflexible resigned in 1966. Harold Holt had taken over his position, the liberal party was behind him in every decision he made. Holt brought Australia in a very neighboring relationship with America. He was very close friend with the American president Lyndon Baines Johnson. People referred to him as LBJ. In 1966 after a visit to cap DC, where Holt was given a kind welcoming by Johnson, he adjudge that when it came to Vietnam, Australia was behind America and All the way with LBJ. If South Vietnam were to fall to communism, and as the domino effect theory suggested would happen to other Asian countries like Thailand, Myanmar and Malaya were to follow and after the world would go under com munism. Many people didnt even care about Vietnam until they herd it was going to be under communism. Beside the reaction at the election polls, opinion polls also showed general support among the people for the government decision to go to war. In a Morgan Gallup a poll held in May 1965, 52%said they supported government policy in Vietnam, 37%opposed it and 11%were undecided. Some Australians thought that going to war was the right thing to do as some Australians consume that mentally.The anti-war protest began in 1962 when the first Australian troops were sent to Vietnam to fight with America. Most of the protest/anti-war movement was strongly against conscription. Many of the trade unions called the governments support of Americas decisions and foreign policy in Vietnam blood for dollars, or diggers for dollars. They believed the Australian government believed that if they sacrifice Australian troops America get out boost Australias economy. In later years, no other group woul d be more associated with anti-war activities, but reaction in the universities immediately after the promulgation was quite mixed, with some support as well as opposition. every(prenominal) evening, television broadcast the horror of Vietnam around the world and brought it into Australian homes. By 1970, the anti-war sentiment had rapidly grown into huge rallies, marches, church services, sit-ins and candlelight processions. These coupled protest movements demanded a moratorium (a suspension) of the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War moratorium rallies of 1970 appealed to people as a way of displaying their support for the end of the war. The first Moratorium Day was held in the get together States with hundreds of thousands of people stopping work in a mass protest demanding that the United States government withdraw from Vietnam immediately.Psychologically, Australia had been prepared for another war since the conflict in Korea. Compulsory military training and universal conscriptio n had been briefly re-introduced in 1951. The Australian people had been told so often to prepare for war that they all thought it was only a matter of time before they would have to go into battle with the communists. Many people were thinking why face until its too late and fight them when they invade our own land lets go out and meet this threat head on. This reason is pretty guileless and is linked to the fear of communism. Geographically, Vietnam is on Australias doorstep. If South Vietnam were to fall to communism, and as the domino effect theory suggested would happen other Asian countries like Thailand, Myanmar and Malaya were to follow. So Australia to go to war, in my opinion, was the right thing to do.

EasyJet E-Marketing Strategies Analysis

EasyJet E-Marketing Strategies AnalysisThis technical report has been coiffure to sort out the e- merchandise strategies apply by the EasyJet air passage to gain competitive advantages over its rivals in the trade for humiliated appeal gentle wind. Situation analysis lay out stake and industry of EasyJet by handling SWOT and PEST model.This report was looked at the various strategies utilise by EasyJet and researched in depth the European figure air passage industry. The main objective was study EasyJets successful e-marketing campaigns.Chapter 2 originationSince 1995, EasyJet Airline Comp all(a) Limited is a great and successful pattern of a European course path. The chairman Stelios Haji-loannou (Greek) founded the social club this year. It is base on the US carrier SouthWest, and is low represent, no-frills model. Stelios hired an expensive shit consultancy and offered them 100,000 to sleep with up with one. A month later, the consultants turned up at EasyL and with cartridge clippings attached to pieces of cardboard. Unimpressed by their efforts, Stelios promptly fired them. In the end, he came up with the air hoses name himself. The word easy kept on advance into his head, so he decided to christen the flight path EasyJet. For the company logotype he went to a small local demarking consultancy, White Knight, which gave the airline its famous shade of o regorgeness, know as Pantone 021C, utilise by no other airline at the time or since. The design consultancy consequently spend a pennyd a simple put of graphics for the airlines first advertising campaign.In 1995, EasyJet starts fights from Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh with to leased Boeing 737-300 with a capability of 148 seats at a bell of only 29 for one way ticket. Glasgow and Edinburgh atomic procedure 18 the first routes. The logical system was simple southern Scotland was the biggest domestic market from London for which air was a sensible alternative to road or rail. The airline opened a tele strait reservations tenderness and took its first troth on 23 October 1995. The phone at the EasyJet telephone reservation pennyre started ringing and never stopped. They were in personal credit line.Two years later, EasyJet launches its weave come out, easyjet.com. Web bookings grew from zero to 26 per cent of subscriber line within a year. On the first day of trading during one promotion, 13,000 seats were sold, believed to be a record for the most commercial proceeding carried out on the net profit in 24 hour period.By mid-1999, when its meshing sales represented 58 per cent of the total, EasyJet beca do the first airline to prevail much(prenominal) sales on the immersenet than through design telephone reservations. In March 2000, EasyJet reached devil million sears, and it took only other three months to reach the three million mark. By 2001, online bookings regularly reached 80 per cent, the blueest proportion of online sales for a ny airline in the world.In monetary view, EasyJet plc was listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE EZJ) and was a constituent of the FTSE 250 office on 5th November 2000. In October 2004, the international investment company FL grouping was buyd an 8.4 per cent stake in EasyJet. In 2005, FL Group change magnituded its constituent in the company to 16.9 per cent.Lois (2005) mentioned that, according to the investment house, EasyJet was becoming a paper little company with a powerful electronic infrastructure. The results were lower administration follows, let out rivetsing schooling and much(prenominal) responsive decision making.Figure 1 milestone of EasyJetChapter 3 Situation AnalysisIn this chapter, I will present position and analysis the current position using both of used SWOT and PEST model.EasyJet come outs like rattling good situation and much(prenominal)(prenominal) expertise will predict scram great opportunities for the low cost dodging. Resultingly t he saturated market and lack of other choice in the British, rivalry is likely aggravated ineluctability followed by acquisition and coalition, an early sign of which is EasyJets buy of British Airline subsidiary GO. In UK airline market, gave genuinely less growth opportunities, therefore concenter will be on the other continental market. Next step for state of ward in this counselingsing is a forward-looking base going Dutch, Berlin, with flights from 11 European cities, and as well on Eastern Europe. Price system was in addition the think point, its involution their route ne devilrk. At last, promotion also needs to impel people that it is safe to fly and constitute EasyJet as Euro largest low dress airline.3.1 PEST analysisThe following factors atomic number 18 likely to afford an act on the EasyJet.Political factorsIn 1990 the European deregulation of commercial aviation coincided with the expansion of the low cost airline industry. The LCC in the industry wer e adapted to take advantage of the relaxed laws and expand their operations. On the other hand, threat of war in the East Euro and EU east enlargement may brook nark to viable the new markets were also the political factors of EasyJet.Economical factorsMercer cargon Consulting (2002) reported that the low cost airline market conforms to the criteria of three components. Firstly, it adds a simple product consisting of no seat reservation, free seating, and adequate in flight assistance. They are a genuine no frills airline with a simple product offered to the market. Webster (2004) noned EasyJets ability to maintain a high degree of client focus through a new, user cordial electronic networksite with an improved booking process.Secondly, mergers and acquisitions is also the low cost airline markets feature film the expansion of existing low cost airlines and finally, market exits as a result of bankruptcy. Finally, the industry operates a low cost ethos, which is maintained by lean sales, high productivity of resources, low keep costs and low wages.Social factorsThe low cost carriers position their product to leisure travellers and non line of merchandise travellers, however EasyJet has differentiated by targeting the problem and leisure segments. This behavioural part creates a more dynamic edge in comparison to their competitors who whole focus on leisure travel. Thus, EasyJet must ensure that its system is well-kept to a wider market. Walton (2005) confirmed that EasyJet was presented as a European low cost airline with a current reading of 26 million passengers in 14 key countries. It has 190 routes to 58 airports and 163 million people hold up within one hour of EasyJets airports.Technological actorsLow cost carriers throw off the ability to maintain a high degree of customer focus through user-friendly networksites with improved booking processes. These wind vanesites ware the capability of charging bookings with great ease and u tilising an easy to use fare finder to obtain the cheapest fares. selling tickets via the technological medium of bladesites and hence by having no travel agents, they vitiate paying agency commissions.3.2 SWOT analysisStrengthsEasyJet was used the glittering orange as Pantone 021C, used by no other airline at the time or since. It take away a successful financially which they cut of meat out all meals and snacks on travel tour, scum bag reduced the cost of operation. Have more flexible organisation and being seen as an innovative.The airline opened a telephone reservation centre is a pissed e- pedigree on 1995. EasyJet is also was a part of the consortium and shed awarded by UK air traffic control system National Air handicraft expediencys (NATS).The note name EasyJet has all the qualities required for long marge memory storage and will not be easy to forget. The airline flies to main destination airports throughout Europe making it in truth attractive to business trav ellers. It gains efficiencies compared to handed-d testify carries with rapid turnaround times, and progressive landing place charge go forments with airports, maximizing asset utilization.Single model of aircraft reduced training, maintenance and supervisory costs. At last, EasyJet has been wisely investing in strong brand trope measured like advertising and television shows ensured high brand recall.WeaknessesBelow have some weaknesses for EasyJet organisation. It continued sustenance of cost departership chamberpot be tall(prenominal) in a dynamic market. The two drivers of growth, the focus on expenditure and the focus on convenience seem to be reached their natural limits and differentiation from there could become difficult.The airline does not own the EasyJet brand, its owned by Sir Stelios and as a result, does not have control on its surgical operation of other products and go used the said(prenominal) name. It also loss of usage in emerging could adversely demand its own market performance.On the other hand, the business model squirt over time become blurred under competitive wring and consolidation of the Low Cost Carries (LCC) industry. The airline must be constantly innovative to maintain its current advantage in e-tailing. Increased bat capacity could be difficult to fill during lean periods and in the pose of growing competition in a matured market.OpportunitiesRecent expansion of the EU has resulted in open of new markets for the LCCs. Their low fares will change magnitude movement of job seekers across boarders and also promote the tourism industry, lead to economic growth. Consolidation could help EasyJet to a authentic degree trip the pressure on its costs and fares. Otherwise, vertical and horizontal expansion could be an important option for EasyJet for growth in mature markets and offset any future threat of increased in armed service provider costs. insularity of conventional airlines from less traffic-intense routes could be an opportunity for expanded. EasyJet does not seem to have any flights to S butt jointdinavian capitals like Stockholm and Helsiki where immigrant carry was on the rise.ThreatsThe threats of EasyJet had some factors. Terrorism and catastrophic loss can result in lesser air travel and loss of infrastructural support, war threats and outbreak of epidemics or pandemics could increase apprehensions close to air travel. Technology advancement in the conduct of business meetings like video conferencing can be detrimental to short outstrip flights and impending increased in environmental taxes could increase costs.In addition, check or no slot availability could be hurdle in future expansion thinks and due to its limited dismiss hedging policy, EasyJet is more vulnerable to fuel expense fluctuations increased by variability in its costs. Currency fluctuations is also the factor of threats, it will affect especially the US dollar denominated costs like aircraft buy, aircraft financing costs, maintenance reserve payments, fuel purchase etc.. Excess capacity and cost cutting tactics by competitors can affect passenger traffic on popular routes. sham of some main no-frills features by traditionalistic airlines on same routes can confuse and blur the distinctive image of any LCC.Additional, traditional players can partly switch over or start their own baby low cost airline. sound, dependence on third caller service providers could cause problems when any of these contracts are not renewed or negotiation of suitable replacement does not take place or if higher rates are charged.Chapter 4 eMarketing StrategyThis chapter was analysis what eMarketing dodging has the EasyJet adopted or is planned to adopt and what is the value proposition and derivative instrument advantage of this strategy.4.1 Marketing application of internet marketingInternet base media offer a range of opportunities for marketing products and run across the purchase cycle. E asyJet illustrate the applications of internet marketing since they show how organisations can use online communications such(prenominal)(prenominal) as their web site, third-party web sites and e-mail marketing as Direct reply medium EasyJet uses sponsored links when a user is researching a flight using a search engine to prompt them to at one time visit the EasyJet site by clicking through to it. Similarly the EasyJet e-mail newsletter sent to customers can encourage them to click through to a web site to generate sales. Platform for sales transactions EasyJet sells flights online to both consumers and business travellers. Customer service mechanism Customers serve themselves on easyJet.com by reviewing often asked questions. A kin-building medium where a company can interact with its customers to better understand their needs and offer them relevant products and offers. EasyJet uses its e-mail newsletter and tailor-made alerts intimately special deals to help keep its custo mers and engage them in a dialogue to understand their needs through completing surveys and polls.4.2 Consumer hyaloplasmarcher and Faulkner (1997) were also mentioned that the consumer matrix details that customers have with guess to the service or product offered to them and the prices charged.When used this theory to apply in EasyJet, can guesstimate the general perception generated by the market. EasyJets flights was offer the value to consumer as gained the benefits from the online or telephone transaction relative to price appear favourable in comparison to another competitors.In the view of heterogeneous, according to the demands for the service, indicated that, one service meets all demands might be let it to the wrong competitive strategy.to a great extent consumers were demand the low cost alternative and price sensitive with the airline segment. EasyJet was in order to attain sustainable competitive advantage by the customer matrix price strategy.4.3 Marketplace melo dic line structuresChannel structures find out the way a manufacturer or selling system delivers products and services to its customer. The distri moreoverion contrast will consist of one or more intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers.The relationship between a company and its channel partners shown in below figure can be dramatically neutered by the opportunities afforded by the internet. This occurs because the internet offers a means of bypassed some of the channel partners. This process is known as disintermediation or cutting out the middleman. gum benjamin and Weigand (1995) calculated that, using the sale of quality shirts as an example, it was possible to obligate cost saving of 28 per cent in the case of (b) and 62 per cent for case for (c). Some of these cost savings can be passed on to the customer in the form of cost reductions.4.4 6 Is of eMarketingIn this section, I used the McDonald and Wilson (1999) as the 6 Is of eMarketing to summarised the differenc es between the new media and traditional media. The 6 Is are useful since they highlight factors that apply to possible aspects of internet marketing such as personalization, hold response and marketing search, scarcely also strategical resultant roles of industry restructuring and integrated channel communications. The 6 Is are Interactivity, Intelligence, Individualization, Integration, Industry restructuring and Independence of location. But in this case, I only focus one of the factors Integration, for used by this theory.The Internet provides further grasp for integrated marketing communications. Below figure show how it is just one of some different media channels. When priseed the success of a web site, the role of the internet in communicating with customers and other partners can best be con spatial relationred from two perspectives.The EasyJet web site can be used as a direct response tool enabled customers to respond to offers and promotions publicized in other media. The web site can also have a direct response or call back facility built into it. The internet can be used to support the buying decision even if the purchase does not occur via the web site. Customer information delivered on the web site must be integrated with other databases of customer and order information such as those accessed via staff in the call centre to provide what Seybold (1999) calls a 360 degree view of the customer.The internet can be used to support customer service. In EasyJet, who received over half(prenominal) their orders electronically, encourage users to check a list of frequently asked questions compiled from previous customer enquiries before contacting customer support via phone.4.5 Marketing MixThe marketing swagger the 4 Ps of Product, Price and packaging originally proposed by McCarthy (1960) is used as an essential part of implemented marketing strategy by many practitioners.PriceBaker et al. (2001) have mentioned that the price element of the marketing mix refers to an organizations pricing policies which are used to define pricing models and, of course, to set prices for products and service. In EasyJet case, low price is a key element of the brand. employ differential pricing, booking in advance makes a ticket less expensive and off-peak travelling. Additional, can get the discounts for tickets though online booking.ProductThere are many alternatives for barying the prosuct when a EasyJat was developed its onoine strategy. The EasyJet website also has car hire, hotel booking services and links to other EasyGroup website. It also provided point to point services.PlaceAllen and Fjermestand (2001) were spy that that the internet has the greatest implications for place in the marketing mix since the internet has a global reach.Internet booking system and open a telephone reservation system were the new channel structures for book the tickets.PromotionSpecification of the promotion was ordinarily part of a communicat ions strategy. EasyJet highlights its a payoff one position among Europes low cost carriers. Printed in bright orange telephone booking number and website link on the fount of its aircraft.4.6 Competitive StrategyMichael (1980) has described three general types of strategies that are usually used by organisation. There are cost leading, differentiation strategy and market segmentation strategy. But in EasyJets case, only two canonic of competitive advantage was used cost leadership and differentiation.Cost leadershipMichaels theory was also adopted a cost leadership strategy which is describe to consumers via the cheap fares offered online. However, Easyjet provided technology advantages in terms of cost reductions, its competitors have followed and created websites of their own, provided extremely competitive rates for EasyJets customers. Consequently, another competitor needs to defy EasyJets strategies for retain competitive advantage.Differentiation strategyEasyJet had made prominence attempts to make their product pop out from its low cost airline competitors.McDaniel (2000) mentioned that a product differentiation feature acts as competitive advantage was no longer alive. Also, EasyJet was generally the trend-setter for differentiation its market.Shiv and Alfred (2001) was discovered a matrix for classifies and identifies types of competitive positioning. EasyJet provided differentiation service of many routes to major airports such as Gatwick airport which shifts the focus to high produce traffic while refuse economic and operative advantages of assistary airports.For the merchandise differentiation, EasyJet provide more variables such as have self check in kiosks, unrestricted luggage restraints, easy of use for the website and booking of tickets, these features of differentiation can helps the customers to enhance their purchase power with EasyJet.Figure 8 Michael (1980) Generic Strategies adopted in EasyJetChapter 5 Implementation5.1 How is t he forethought creating new core and extensive value for customer?EasyJet have the three main components to create new core and volunteered value for customer, the first was provide the number one safety airline, the second was build up a number one air stock network, and the last was enhance easyjet.com.Provide the number one safety airlineIn 2009, EasyJet saw the introduction of a new guard focussing System (SMS), its provided a framework for safety compliance and manage the two pillars of safety performance at EasyJet. With active support by the European Aviation Safety Agencys European Commercial Aviation Safety team, the Safety Management System was a continuous improvement process.Build Europes number one air transport networkSlot management EasyJet thinks discrepancy time was very important to all customers, both of business trips and pass breaks. Different from other competitors, who used smaller, much less convenient airports, and more remote, over 90 per cent of Ea syJet aircraft operate into and out of congested airports. At these busy business and facilities, where slots were at a premium, EasyJet work hard to build up their portfolio across Europe. The slot management team has expertise and colossal capability, with over 60 years of extensive contacts and combined experience at European airports.Base Management Overnight stops can create unnecessary costs. EasyJet were located aircraft and crew by managing the bases, they were able to maximise gross and improve efficiency. Constantly under review the base location. For example, since 2006, EasyJet increased the number of aircraft based in Italy and France. such as Luton, they also reduced capacity at under performing bases.Enhance easyjet.comEasyjet.com was the most visited airline site in UK. The web site was EasyJets primary distribution channel and they make and refresh it in 2008. EasyJet also consulted with their customers, identify what was like and dislike about the existing site, and also looked at main pages, both outside and internal the travel sector. The website was built on a scalable platform and more robust and was even easier to use.5.2 How is the management balancing their online and offline promotion methods?Efraim (2008) mentioned that, in a click and mortar business, the allocation of resources between offline and online activities can create difficulties. particularly in sell side projects, the two activities can be viewed as competitors. In this case, personnel in charge of offline and online activities may behave as competitors. This conflict may cause problems when the offline side needs to handle the logistics of the online side or when prices need to be determined. Corporate culture, the ability of top management to introduce change properly, and the use of innovative process that support collaborationism will allPricing StrategyTraditional methods for determining price are the cost-plus and competitor models. Cost-plus means adding up all the costs involved material, labour, rent, overhead, and so forth and adding a percentage mark-up as profit. The competitor model determines price based on what competitors are charging for standardized products in the marketplace.Pricing products and services for online sales changes these pricing strategies in knotty waysPrice comparison is easier In traditional markets, any the vendee or, more often, the seller has more information than the other party, and this situation is utilize in determining a products price. By facilitating price comparison, the EasyJets internet booking system helps created what economists call a perfect market one in which both the buyer and the sell have ubiquitous and equal access to information, usually in the buyers favour.Online and offline goods are priced differently In EasyJets pricing strategy, it was difficult for click and mortar company. Setting prices lower then those offered by the off-line business may lead to internal conflict, whereas setting prices at the same level will hurt competitiveness.Differentiated pricing can be a pricing strategy For decades, EasyJet have maximized revenues with yield management charging different price for the same product. EasyJet is in the B2C marketplace, one-on-one marketing can extend yield management from a class of customer to individual customers. Bockstedt el al. (2005) also mentioned that, versioning is selling the same good but with different choice and delivery characteristics, is especially effective is selling digitized goods.Last minute deals I attention that, in practice, last minute deals were sometimes offered, often at very low prices. If the airline decides to launch in such offers, either via a reseller or directly, it can set a new price that will allured the lower end of the tourist segment that didnt purchase tickets. Last minute deals were always made very close to the actual flight time.The overall impact of these changes is good news for the consum er. Internet technologies tend to provide consumers with easier access to pricing information, which increases their bargaining power. To remain competitive and profitable, sellers will have to adopt smarter pricing strategies. Specifically, business will have to look at ways of using the internet to optimize prices, primarily through greater precision in setting prices, more adaptability in changing prices, and new ways of customer segmentation for differentiated pricing.5.3 What impact is the implementation of strategy having upon the performance of the business?To improve results for any aspect of any business, performance management is vital. The process and systems intended to monitor and improve the performance of an organization and specific management activities such as internet marketing are widely known as performance management systems and are based on the study of performance measurement systems.5.3.1 Defining the performance prosody frameworkKotler (1997) mentioned tha t measurement for assess the effectiveness of internet marketing also be related to different levels of marketing control. These include strategic control, favourableness control, annual plan control and efficiency control. Efficiency measures are more concerned with minimizing the costs of online marketing while maximizing the returns for different areas of focus such as acquiring visitors to a web site, converting visitors to outcome or achieving repeat business.Chaffey (2000) presents a framework of measures which can be applied to range of different companies. Metrics for the categories are generated as objectives from internet marketing homework which then need to be monitored to assess the success of strategy and its implementation. Objectives can be devised in a top down fashion, starting with strategic objectives for business persona and marketing outcomes leading to tactical objectives for customer merriment, behaviour and site promotion. An alternative perspective is bo ttom up success in achieving objectives for site promotion, on site customer behaviour and customer satisfaction lead sequentially to achieving objectives for marketing outcomes and business contribution.Business contributionA contribution to business profitability is always the ultimate aim of e-commerce. To assess this, leading companies set an internet contribution target of achieving a certain proportion of sales via the channel. When EasyJet (www.easyjet.com) launched its e-commerce facility in 1998, it set an internet contribution target of 30 per cent by 2000. They put the resources and communications plan in place to achieve this and their target was reached in 1999. Assessing contribution is more difficult for a company that can not sell products online, but the role of the internet in influencing purchase should be assessed. Discounted cash flow techniques are used to assess the rate of return over time. Service contribution from e-channels should also be assessed.5.3.2 T ools and techniques for compile metric and summarizing resultsTechniques to collect metrics include the collection of site visitor activity data such as that collected from site log files, the collection of metrics about outcomes such as online sales or email enquiries and traditional marketing research techniques such as questionnaires and focus groups which collect information on the customers experience on the web site. I start by describing methods for collecting site visitor activity and then review more traditional techniques of market research which assess the customer experience.EasyJet was used customer relationship management CRM software to enhance its online booking server and reduce operating(a) costs.Tony (2006) mentioned that CRM was specifically about gather customers information to provide their own customer service through the web. The CRM system was centralised all the data and information and allows innovations in customer service to be deployed and tested. An email marketing mechanisation tool and a pilot voice self service termination is also can provide and enhanced levels of customer support with EasyJet.The CRM service system module was enabled the 1.5 million people who visit the EasyJet website each week, it can recorded end-to-end transactions while they are online, without any intercession from customer service agents. It responds to keyword searches and natural language text, have 90 per cent of customers were resolving queries by used this solution.Chapter 6 Legal and good issuesPlamer (2005) mentioned that business ethics defines how a company integrates the core values of honesty, trust, respect, and fairness into its policies and practices and complies with sound standards and regulations. The scope of business ethics has expanded to encompass a companys actions with regard not only to how it treats employees and obeys laws but to the nature and quality of the relationships with shareholders, customers, business partners, suppliers, the community, environment, and future generations. European companies especially have embraced this expanded definition of ethics.Because of the worldwide scope and universal accessibility of the internet, there are serious questions as to which ethical rules and laws apply. These questions involve an appreciation of the law that is constantly changing. Lawsuits and criminal charges are very disruptive, expensive, and may damage customer relations. The best strategy is to avoid behaviours that scupper the company to these types of risk.6.1 e-Commerce ethical issuesTwo additional e-commerce related ethical issues are non work related use of the internet and codes of ethics.Non work related use of the internetEasyJet had a policy to avoid the employees used email and the web for non work related purposes. The use of company property for email and inter use creates risk. The degree of risk depends on the extent to which the company has implemented policies and procedure t o prevent and detect illegal uses. EasyJet was also held liable for their employees use of email to harass another employee, participate in illegal gambling, or distribute child pornography. Some employees may use the company email to advertise their own business. Used other integrated computing facilities for surreptitious purposes may be a problem.Codes of ethicsVolonino and Robinson (2004) were discovered that a practical and necessary approach to limit non work related internet surfing is an internet Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) that all employees must agree to. Without a formal AUP, it was much more difficult to enforce delicious and eliminate unacceptable behaviours and punish violators. Whenever a user signs on to the corporate network, the user should see a reminder of the AUP and be notified that online activates are monitored. Such notification should be a part of a code of ethics.EasyJet have some corporate web policy guidelines, such as issue written AUP guidelines ab out employee use of the internet and commu

The Ionic Column :: Art Columns Architecture History Essays

The garret Column Throughout history, art has become the briny source for entertainment, enlightenment, and acknowledgement. It entertains those who are bored in the everyday life. It enlightens those who seek another(prenominal) world and those who seek beauty with wild imaginations. It acknowleges those who seek schooling in nature and their own world. From the cave drawings of Paleolithic art in Lascaux , to the old-fashioned Egyptian pyramids, and to the classical Greek sculptures, art is a never close cycle of productions and reproductions passed on from one generation to the next, and from one culture to the next. art throughout history plays an important role because it tells us about mans development in culture, language, and life. Everyday, the kit and boodle of art from the past have been reproduced to inspire and attract. As a key strategic method to attract people, advertisement is the special K benefactor for the reminesences of art throughout the periods, such as, the classical Greek Ionic chromatography pillars. So there are new uses of older art works in many places, including magazines, newsprints, television, internet, and shopping malls. ( Prof. Smith lecture). In this essay, a pull in of the Ionic chromatography column may be lay down from a summon in The Wall highway Journal that may have typical similarities and differences in its physical consumption and psychological meaning. A new usage of an old work of art is found in the Wall course Journal which has words formed into the shape of an Ionic column in black and white, found in a classical Greek order. The newspaper was dated October 9, 1996 and the new use of this classical Greek order was found in the last page of section B12. This Ionic shaped column is big and long, considering the fact that the size of the newspaper is bigger than 11 by 17 inches. The image of the size in the new use column may have been to imitate the actual size of Greek column approximately of o ver 12 feet tall. (Refer to picture of 5 columns and the Wall Street Journal). This ionic column is so detailed by the formation of companies name, letterings, show distinctive characteristics from other classical Greek orders. It has fluted shaft and the capital was embellish with volutes or two pairs of scrolls with graceful curves joined by a pure abacus, which is a square block to support the entablature.

Mayan Indians :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

Mayan IndiansThe Maya Indians atomic number 18 Indians that Lived in parts of present time Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Maya Indians had a mixed hieroglyphic alphabet and a complicated schedule system. Only the eminent priests and kings knew how to read it and write and read the complex alphabet. The Maya Indians did not live in teepees like you may think they lived in houses sort of like ours except no nails or installation to keep it warm. The Maya Indians where great builders they do queen-sized buildings made out of stone some stones weighed more than 2 lots that is over 4,000 pound. When a child was born in the Maya civilization it was a sign of good luck. After it was born the priest was called and the baby was disposed(p) a sacred name and then the priest predicts the future. In marriages the cleaning lady was allowed to marry when she was 14-15 years old. The boy in the relationship had to be at least 18 years old like our country in marr iages. The Maya custody and woman where very short compared to us. The average woman was 4(tm) 8 quite short for our women who reached an average of 5(tm) 4. The men where also short entirely not too short. They reached5(tm) 8 precisely 2 inches shy of our men who reach an average of 5(tm) 10. The Mayan disappeared close to the year 900 A.D. By 1450 most of the major cities where abandoned. Nobody knows for received but at that place are theories that the men would go to war and the family would compensate in a near by countryside and take cover. The tribe made their culture so advanced and just abandoned it for war. So why would a culture ruin their life style to fight but that is just a theory we may never know. The stylish affair to do in the Mayan civilization was having tattoos and wearing tons of jewelry was considered hip. in addition they thought that filling your teeth to a sharp point and having your look crossed was attractive. Priests had three main types of cale ndars. The first was a civil calendar this was based on the solar cycle of the sun. The year lasted 365 daylights there was no leap year though so they where a day off every 7 years. The long court had a exceptional system that kept track of long spans of time such as decades and centuries.

The Dual Nature of Power Essay -- power, abuse, wars, crimes, properly

With great ability comes great responsibility. This diction correctly assesses that the more power a being has, the greater mental object they have for both good and evil for the creation of beautiful things or the destruction of that which is lovely. The possession of power does not necessarily mean that the power will be used honorably. In the timeless Lord of the go saga, the two wizards, Saruman and Gandalf, were both imbued with great power. Their reaction to the power, however, was very different. On adept hand, Gandalf had a healthy respect for the seductive properties of power and managed to resist utilize and abusing it for his own ends. Conversely, Saruman gave in and attempted to set himself as a prevalent ruler ultimately failing and creating a colossal amount of develop in the process. They were both given power, iodine used it properly and achieved many great feats the other abused the power and lost everything. This concept applies to the sympathetic race as well. Some look at the horrors committed by human being in the past and conclude that we have degenerated out-of-the-way(prenominal) below the common animal. Others point to the great achievements off science and art, along with the selfless aid granted to the helpless, from Amerifanny ghettos to war-torn countries, and insist that we be progressing toward a perfect utopia. What they both fail to see is that this power thunder mug be used to accomplish wonderful deeds or land all that truly matters. The dark use of this power scum bag be seen in all the wars, the crime, and the corruption that has plagued mankind since before recorded history. It can be seen in every Stalin, Capone, and Attila the Hun in history, who have not let the concept of morality to stand between them and supremacy. One parti... ...ar, facing distemper and hardship or when a soldier throws himself on a grenade to and his comrades. The bad is evident in families torn apart by do drugs abuse and also in every shop clerk whirl and killed during a holdup. This wars outcome really depends on the individualistic and the choices they make every decision will take them down one path or the other, often having greater consequences than they could ever imagine. The people who allege that humans have become less than animals, along with the optimists looking forwards to a utopia, both fail to see the whole picture they pick up to recognize the dual nature of the power humans in smart set to reach an accurate conclusion. When they only focus on one extreme, they addition a false worldview that will taint all of their assumptions. Power can be used for evil or good the choice lies in the individual possessing it.