Effect of Mineral Deficiency on Plant Growth

Effect of mineral Deficiency on Plant produce perplexTo investigate the effect of mineral deficiencies towards the offshoot of genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Lemna spIntroductionPlants lease water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates during photosynthesis. To synthesise nutrients and other original substances, dos deal additional elements. Mineral elements ar one of the essential chemical elements take by demonstrates in order to achieve optimal ingathering and exploitation. Mineral elements argon mostly obtained in the form of inorganic ions from the soil by their germinate. nearly of the time, the mineral ions in soil water argon sacrifice only in low concentration, often lower than that in cy gratuitylasm of forerunner cells. So, in order to obtain mineral ions into the cells, they ar interpreted up selectively against the concentration gra hold upnt by active transfer, exploitation energy from the respiration of botanys. The uptake address occurs with the help of the specific protein pumps in the plasma membrane of the foundation cells.This usu ally results in accumulation of mineral ions in the root cells. The mineral ions atomic piece 18 then carried in the apoplast or symplast pathway until they reach the send awayodermis containing impermeable Casparian strip.They then enter the cytoplasm of cells each by diffusion or active revel and reach the xylem of the plant to be transported in the water that moves up continuously in the transpiration stream. erstwhile the mineral ions reach the tissues where they atomic number 18 needed, they move appear of the xylem into the cells either by diffusion or active transport, depending on the permeability of cell membranes and congener concentrations of ions within and out(a)side the cells.Generally, mineral elements required by plants mass be divided into two categories, macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients can be broken into two much groups primary and secondary nutrients. The primary nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and cat valium (K). These major nutrients usually are wanting from the soil first beca apply plants use large nubs for their egress and natural selection. The secondary nutrients are atomic number 20 (Ca), milligram (Mg), and second (S). There are usually enough of these nutrients in the soil so fertilization is not always needed. Also, large amounts of Calcium and Magnesium are added when lime is applied to acidic soils.Sulfur is usually found in commensurate amounts from to slow decomposition of soil organic matter, an important campaign for not throwing out grass clippings and leaves.Nitrogen is a part of all spirit cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyl, the chiliadness blusher of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis.Helps plants w ith rapid maturement, increasing seed and fruit performance and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer coating and from the air (legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rain contributes very little nitrogen).Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy proper plant maturation withstanding stress. effectuate rapid return. Encourages blooming and root growth. Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and super inorganic phosphate. one thousand is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than both other mineral element except nitrogen and, in several(prenominal) cases, calcium. Helps in the expression of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertiliz er. Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is too thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids indoors a plant. Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superphosphate. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all gullible plants and essential for photosynthesis. It similarly helps activate some plant enzymes needed for growth. Soil minerals, organic material, fertilizers, and dolomitic limestone are sources of milligram for plants. Sulfur is essential plant food for yield of protein. Promotes activity and development of enzymes and vitamins. Helps in chlorophyll formation. Improves root growth and seed production. Helps with vigorous plant growth and resistance to cold. Sulfur may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in some fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers.Lemna is a genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family. These rapidly-growing plants develop found uses as a put system for studies in community ecology, basic plant biology, in ecotoxicology, in production of biopharmaceuticals, and as a source of animal feeds for agri coating and aqua kitchen-gardening.The duckweeds have been classified as a separate family, the Lemnaceae, but some researchers (the AGP II) contain the duckweeds members of the Araceae.Lemna species grow as simple free-floating thalli on or just down the stairs the water surface. Most are small, not exceeding 5 mm in length, except Lemna trisulca which is e giganticated and has a branched structure. Lemna thalli have a single root, which distinguishes them from related genera Spirodela and Landoltia.The plants grow mainly by vegetative reproduction two daughter plants bud remove from the adult plant. This form of growth allows very rapid colonisation of brand-new water. Duckweeds are flowering plants, and nea rly all of them are cognise to vomit sexually, flowering and producing seed under appropriate conditions. Certain duckweeds (e.g. L. gibba) are long day plants, while others (e.g. L. minor) are short day plants.When Lemna invades a waterway, it can be removed mechanically, by the addition of herbivorous search (e.g. grass carp) or treated with a herbicide.The rapid growth of duckweeds finds application in bioremediation of polluted waters and as test organisms for environmental studies. It is also organism employ as an expression system for economical production of complex biopharmaceuticals. Duckweed meal (dried duckweed) is a good cattle feed. It contains 25-45% proteins (depending on the growth conditions), 4.4% fat, and 8-10% fibre, measured by dry weight.Lemna has been change by molecular biologists to express proteins of pharmaceutical interest. Expression constructs were engineered to cause Lemna to secrete the transformed proteins into the growth medium at high yield. Since the Lemna is grown on a simple medium, this substantially reduces the burden of protein purification in preparing such(prenominal)(prenominal) proteins for medical use, promising substantial reductions in manufacturing costs. In addition, the host Lemna can be engineered to cause secretion of proteins with human patterns of glycosylation, an improvement over conventional plant gene-expression systems. Several such products are existence developed, including monoclonal antibody antibodies.Problem Statement How do the deficiencies of minerals adjoin the growth of Lemna sp ? system Lemna plants grow healthily in complete ending tooth root. When in that location is deficiency of certain minerals, Lemna plants leave show the symptoms of deficiency of that special(a) minerals.VariablesManipulated Type of mineral deficienciesResponding The growth of Lemna spFixed Intensity of sunlight, image,size and make sense of Lemna plants used, concentration of carbon dioxide and wad of resolveApparatusPetri dishesPetri dishes takeforcepsmeasuring cylinderdroppers.MaterialsA range of beginnings including consequences withall responses empower miss nitrogen, NO3- absentminded phosphate, PO43-lacing special K, K+lacking magnesium, Mg2+lacking calcium, Ca2+lacking zinc, Zn2+lacking iron, Fe2+LemnaStickersTissue paperProceduresOne petri dish and its cover is process using water and dried using tissue paper.Four twains of Lemna sp are picked out using a forceps and located inside the honest petri dish. This step is done with extra care as to minimise the trauma done to the Lemna sp.Step 1 and 2 are retell 8 times to prepare 8 petri dishes , each containing 4 pair of Lemna sp.The nuance solutions are measured at 15ml using a measuring cylinder.Every petri dish is then filled with different socialization solutions with different mineral deficiencies, NO3-,PO43-,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Zn2+,Fe2.The last petri dish is filled with perfect assimilation solution in w hich all the minerals are present.All the petri dishes are place at a spot where light intensity is just sufficient for the Lemna sp to grow.The Lemna sp are observed care skillfuly for a full 10days of study.The Lemna sp. are observed for the strain of leaves ,the colour of leaves and the summate of plants with grow.The observations or information are recorded into a table.Results daylight 2 calculate of peppy plants4 event of unripe leaves10 frame of plants with root1 maturement abnormalitiesnone solar day 4 get of cash in ones chips plants6 second of commons leaves17 payoff of plants with grow3 festering abnormalitiesNoneDay 6 consider of sleep together plants12 proceeds of super C leaves28 come of plants with grow6 growing abnormalitiesNoneDay 8 bit of prevailly plants15 tot up of discolour leaves36 quash of plants with grow11Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 10 name of get laid plants20 enumerate of discolour leaves57 public figure of plants with grow13Growth abn ormalitiesNone table 1 selective information for normal farming solution (Control look into) occur of racy plants modus operandi of young leaves round of plants with rootGrowth abnormalitiesDay 2 crook of harp plants4 estimate of green leaves8 physique of plants with root21Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 4 tour of live plants4Number of green leaves11Number of plants with grow2Growth abnormalitiesLeaves period of play crazy greenDay 6Number of live plants6Number of green leaves17Number of plants with root4Growth abnormalitiesGrowth of root boneyLeaves hand scandalmongering-belliedishDay 8Number of live plants7Number of green leaves22Number of plants with grow5Growth abnormalitiesGrowth boneyLeaves turn ghastlyr and yellowishDay 10Number of live plants8Number of green leaves27Number of plants with grow6Growth abnormalitiesGrowth of root stuntedLeaves turn very lookout man green or yellowishTable 2 info for horticulture solution lacking nitrate ionsDay 2Number of live pl ants4Number of green leaves8Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 4Number of live plants6Number of green leaves13Number of plants with roots1Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 6Number of live plants7Number of green leaves16Number of plants with roots2Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale greenDay 8Number of live plants9Number of green leaves20Number of plants with roots4Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale green and yellowishSome leaves appear to be twistedDay 10Number of live plants11Number of green leaves24Number of plants with roots6Growth abnormalitiesMost leaves turn yellowishSome leaves discolorTable 3 information for culture solution lacking of sulphate ionsDay 2Number of live plants4Number of green leaves8Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesEdges of leaves turn yellowDay 4Number of live plants5Number of green leaves10Number of plants with roots1Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn yellowDay 6Number of live plants7Number of green leaves15Number of plants wi th roots2Growth abnormalitiesSome leaves curl and crinkleDay 8Number of live plants9Number of green leaves19Number of plants with roots3Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn yellowDay 10Number of live plants10Number of green leaves22Number of plants with roots5Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn yellowSome leaves cut offTable 4 Data for culture solution lacking of kB ionsDay 2Number of live plants4Number of green leaves8Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 4Number of live plants5Number of green leaves10Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale greenDay 6Number of live plants7Number of green leaves19Number of plants with roots1Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale green or yellowishDay 8Number of live plants8Number of green leaves22Number of plants with roots2Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn white and yellowishDay 10Number of live plants9Number of green leaves25Number of plants with roots4Growth abnormalitiesAlmost all leaves yellow or bleachedTable 5 Data for culture solution lacking of magnesium ionsDay 2Number of live plants2Number of green leaves4Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesAll plants dieAreas between leaf veins turn yellowDay 4Number of live plants0Number of green leaves0Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn whiteDay 6Number of live plants0Number of green leaves0Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn whiteDay 8Number of live plants0Number of green leaves0Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn white and disintegrateDay 10Number of live plants0Number of green leaves0Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesLeaves disintegrateTable 6 Data for culture solution lacking of calcium ionsDay 2Number of live plants4Number of green leaves9Number of plants with roots0Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 4Number of live plants6Number of green leaves17Number of plants with roots2Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn yellowishDay 6Number of live plants9Number of gr een leaves23Number of plants with roots6Growth abnormalitiesSome leaves turn pale greenDay 8Number of live plants13Number of green leaves30Number of plants with roots11Growth abnormalitiesSome leaves turn dark green with red or purple spotsDay 10Number of live plants15Number of green leaves34Number of plants with roots12Growth abnormalities scraggy growthRoots grow ailingTable 7 Data for culture solution lacking of phosphate ionsDay 2Number of live plants4Number of green leaves8Number of plants with roots1Growth abnormalitiesNoneDay 4Number of live plants7Number of green leaves16Number of plants with roots4Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale greenDay 6Number of live plants11Number of green leaves29Number of plants with roots7Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale green or yellowDay 8Number of live plants14Number of green leaves32Number of plants with roots10Growth abnormalitiesSome leaves completely bleachedDay 10Number of live plants18Number of green leaves41Number of plants with r oots14Growth abnormalitiesLeaves turn pale green or yellow or completely bleachedTable 8 Data for culture solution lacking of iron ionsDiscussionIn this experiment, we are find the effect of minerals deficiencies on the growth of Lemnasp. The manipulated variable used is the type of minerals deficiencies. The culture solutions used inthis experiment have different minerals deficiencies which are Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Iron, and Potassium ions. There is a solution which does not have any minerals deficiencies. It is a perfect culture solution. This culture solution is used as a control in this experiment to compare the effect of different minerals deficiencies with the perfect culture solution. The conditions of Lemna sp. in other culturesolutions with minerals deficiencies are compared with the Lemna sp. in the control solution. The responding variable is growth of the Lemna sp. where we count the enumerate of leaves and observe the colour of leaves at th e end of experiment. Lemna sp. is used because they are easy to find, observe and count the outlet of leaves. The number and colour of the leaves are recorded into a table. The amend variable used is the amount of sunlight and air obtained. The petri dishes which are involved in the experiment are placed on a spot where sunlight can reach them. This locating is fixed so that it will not affect the result which is the number and colour of the leaves. Besides, volume of culture solution is also one of the fixed variable. This is an important fixed variable because different volume of culture solution will affect the rate of growth of Lemna sp. moreover, different volume of culture solution will also affect the number of leaves at the end of experiment. Thus, constant or fixed volume of each culture solution is needed so that it will give a well-grounded result for the data. Last but not least, type of plant used is also another fixed variable. Different plants have different grow th rate. Therefore, Lemna sp. is used because it is easy to find and observe. Every petri dishes need to be synchronised together by using Lemna sp.Interpretation of DataThe analysis of data can be done by tabulating the data from Table 1. Table 1 show the observations obtained on the growth of Lemna plants after ten days of probe. Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the absence of different mineral elements has different effects on growth of Lemna plants. Lemna plants grow into healthy plants in complete culture solution. Their growth increments rapidly as seen from the table with number of live plants increases from 4 to 20, number of green leaves increases from 10 to 57 and number of plants with roots increases from 1 to 13. There is no growth abnormality. This is because normal culture solution provides them with all the necessary mineral. ions at appropriate concentrations for optimal growth.In culture solution deficient of nitrogen ions, chlorosis takes place as the leaves turn pale, over cod to lack of chlorophyll as it plays a role as a major component of chlorophyll. Nitrate ion is needed for the formation of amino acid, enzymes and plant hormones. Lacking of nitrate ion causes no amino acids, enzymes and plant hormones produced at all. photosynthetic enzymes and hormones which is essential for the metabolic process of plant cell cannot be made. Therefore, the growth is stunted with only minor increase of number of live plants from 4 to 8, and increase in number of green leaves until the end of experiment with a unlikeness of 5 and a notable decrease in number of plants with roots from 21 to 6.Sulphate ions deficiency affects the production of chlorophyll leading to an boilersuit chlorosis of the leaves with general yellowing of leaves observed. This is observed with a steady increase in number of green leaves, with difference of 4 at the end of experiment, indicating that more leaves are turning yellow. Some leaves appear to be twi sted and brittle. Stunted root growth is also observed as towards the end of the experiment, the root growth is constant with difference of 2 plants with roots observed either 2 days.Potassium ions deficiency shows first in marginal chlorosis, that is yellowing at the edges of the leaves as observed on Day 2. It is also observed that the number of live plants and green leaves increases with a lessen rate with the leaves curl and being crinkly. Some parts of the plants decompose as seen on Day 10 as premature death occurs because lack of potassium affects various activities of plants such as protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, enzymatic activities and others. Potassium ion is needed for the active transport in the guard cells. Guard cells actively pumps in potassium ion so that the stoma will open as water flow by osmosis from low solute concentration region to high solute concentration region. Lacking of potassium ion causes the stoma to close. This eventually affect the r ate of photosynthesis. Sugars cannot be made and the metabolism of plant cells is affected. Therefore, the growth rate is affected and the number of leaves at the end of experiment is reduced.As magnesium is an essential part of the chlorophyll molecule, plants lacking of magnesium show chlorosis in which all the leaves turn yellow and eventually die. In the absence of magnesium, the synthesis of the chlorophyll is inhibited. This is shown with the small and decreasing difference in number of live plants and green leaves towards the end of the experiment, illustrating that number of leaves turning yellow or white increases, because of chlorosis.In culture solution deficient of calcium ions , areas between leaf veins become yellow are observed on second day. The leaves have distorted shape. Growth of the leaves is stunted and the growing points die back too as lack of calcium affects plant cell growth and enzymatic reactions. This is shown with no more documentation Lemna plants fro m Day 4 onwards as all the leaves turn white and disintegrate. This happens because calcium ion is needed for the formation of cell wall during cell form. Lacking of calcium ion will cause no cell division occur as calcium pectate cannot be formed. Permeability of the cell is also affected. Lacking of calcium causes the cell sap and the cytosol diffuse out of the cell. This will cause the death of cells.Phosphorus deficiency results the leaves turning to dark green color with red or purple spots on them go up on the day 8 of the experiment. They grow slowly and their roots grow poorly as compared to others with only difference of 1 plant with root between Day 8 and 10. This happens because phosphorus is necessary in nearly all aspects of growth and metabolism in plants. In culture solution deficient of iron, there is chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) at the base of the leaves, leading to some completely bleached leaves.Deficiency in iron leads to decrease in chlorophyll molecules, causing chlorosis. However, in this experiment, the number of lives plants, green leaves and plants with roots principally increases instead of decreases. Ferum ion is needed for the formation of chlorophyll. Lacking of ferum ion causes no synthesis of chlorophyll. No production of chlorophyll will cause the colour of leaves to change as the colour of chlorophyll is green.Source of erroneousnesss and ways to overcome these errorErrors are present when the experiment is being conducted, leading to discrepancy and in truth in results obtained.No measurement is exact. All types of measurement will have some phase of error or uncertainty. Generally, errors can be divided into systematic errors and ergodic errors. Systematic errors are cumulative errors that can be corrected, if known. Random errors are errors arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition while carrying out the experiment. Random errors may be due to human boundarys, lack of sensitivity, essential env ironment and use of wrong technique of measurement. Random errors are present in this experiment. Thus, it is best to be minimized by repeating the experiment a couple of times.Parallax error is one example of random errors. It is an error in reading an instrument when the observers eyes are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale of measuring instrument. For this experiment, the culture solution placed into each petri dish may not be exactly 15cm3. This happens when the position of the eyes is not directly perpendicular to the semilunar cartilage of the culture solution in the 10cm3 measuring cylinder. Varying volume of culture solution in different petri dishes may slightly affect the growth of the Lemna plants as the higher the volume of culture solution, the higher the amount of mineral nutrients present, the higher the rate of growth of Lemna plants. Thus, to improve the accuracy of data, parallax error should be avoided while taking any measurement in the experi ment.Furthermore, human errors like being too harsh when handling the Lemna plants is also one of the sources. This may do damage to the plants and greatly affects the survival rate and the growth of the plant. The observers may also wrongly count the number of leaves leading to unreliable results being produced.LimitationsThe impurities found in the culture solution will affect the validity of the result. This occurs when the culture solution is being prepared. The impurities contained inside the water will enter the culture solution and hence befoul the solution. This varies the amount of minerals found within each solution and this may affects the growth of Lemna sp. In addition, there is also limitation from the visual method acting of diagnosis used in obtaining results of the experiment. This is because symptoms of certain mineral deficiencies may be suppressed by others factor besides lack of certain mineral elements. For example, the weather conditions such as light illumin ation. Light illumination to which the Lemna plants are exposed to may vary when a few petri dishes are placed too close together or on top of another, blocking each other, affecting the amount of light received by the Lemna plants in the petri dishes. All these may lead to wrong results and conclusions being obtained. Thus, weather conditions should be ensured being one of the constant variables in this investigation too. Besides, the disease-causing microorganisms will cause the death of the Lemna sp. indirectly. This will also affect the number of leaves at the end of experiment obtained and the observers may be brutish for this fact and attribute the death of the Lemna plants to the deficiencies of certain minerals. Intraspecific rivalry is also present among the Lemna plants. They may compete for all the known necessities, like water, air sunlight as well as minerals. Those that failed to compete maybe wiped out and hence lead to death. This point also points out that the de ath in number of Lemna plants may not be completely due to the deficiencies of minerals in plants.Human limitation is one of the limitation and random errors in this experiment. The results of the experiment may have been affected due to the limitation in the observers observation skills when observing the growth of plants. Although the deficiency symptoms shown by Lemna plants for each mineral elements investigated are quite visually distinct, mistakes can still occur especially when they are viewed by different observers. For example, different observers may misidentify and count different number of Lemna leaves in a petri dish. Besides that, observer may also mixed up between different deficiency symptoms shown by Lemna plants especially those manifold ones, leading to inaccuracy of results. To minimize such error, the observations on the Lemna plants should be carried