Retaining Customers Essay

BT is one of the largest communications companies in the world. One of the services they offer is residential or personal communications solutions. Even though they now have competition from other companies offering consumers substitutes for their service, they still hold the largest market share of providing residential customers with telephone lines. For BT to maintain this market share, they must retain the customers they have. I will be recommending how they can retain their customer base as well as winning new customers. I will be looking at several models and theories in order to do this. * Making Customers into Champions * The case of the complaining customer * The tip of the Iceberg Model From BT a customer receives a core service. Telephony. The customer expects the telephone in their home to be working when they pick it up. They are not going to be ‘wowed’ by the service if it is just working. However, when the customer makes contact with BT to enquire, change or add something they will use this opportunity to form a perception of BT’s Customer Service. Most people who move to a different telephone provider do so because they perceive indifference in the people they do business with at their current company. Customer feedback tells BT that one of the biggest drivers of dissatisfaction is the difficulty in registering their complaint with BT. A large part of this dissatisfaction stems from a lack of promised callbacks and an initial difficulty in escalating their issue. This feedback has been substantiated by OFTEL in that the number of customers contacting them to complain that they have not received a promised call back has been increasing. OFTEL have given BT a very clear indication that they expect this situation to be addressed and therefore it is paramount that the following recommendations are implemented immediately. * Own, Decide, Do – Training to be rolled out to all Customer Service Advisors. When a complaint is received in the 150 call centres the individual must own the complaint, make a decision about what to do with it and follow any promised action up with a call to the customer to let them know what happened. * Keeping the customer informed – With some complaints resolution may not be speedy. There may be some technical difficulties, which hold resolution up. The customer does not know this and will perceive any periods of silence as the indifference of BT to their complaint. Keeping the customer informed of progress or news (good or bad) will enhance the customers perception of BT> * EDCSM’s (Event Driven Customer Service Measures), the service that BT offer customers must be analysed in order to measure its success. Through BT’s sophisticated SMART datatbase, every contact with the customer is logged with the id of the advisor who took the call. This way trends can be spotted as well as training areas The barriers for the customer to successfully register their complaint are as follows: * The BT ‘shunt’ – BT is a huge business with over 20 large call centres taking in the freephone 150 (customer service) calls. It is very easy for complaints to get ‘lost’ in the system. * The call steering system. There are many different numbers to press for different departments. It is difficult to speak to a human * The Call Handling Time that advisors are encouraged to adhere to. This measure the amount of time they are talkng with each customer in order to keep the Percentage of calls answered as high as possible. * Poor training and coaching – target based coaching instead of skills based coaching In the longer term there are some other changes that should be implemented by BT over a period of time in order to instil enhanced behaviours in all employees. Traditionally employees of a company see a complaining customer as being a nuisance. BA challenged this when they introduced the Making Customers into Champions Model. This model can be directly applied to BT, who is, itself, striving to provide World Class Customer Service. This model labels different sectors of the customer base and how likely they are to contact BT with any dissatisfaction they may have and how easy it is to register this dissatisfaction. If the customer has a complaint and they cannot register this in any way, they may feel tempted to try a different provider. If the complaint is not registered then BT has not had a chance to resolve the complaint. If BT has a chance of resolving the issue, if it is resolved skilfully and well, research suggests that this could actually enhance the customer’s perception of BT. So, in short, a customer complaint can turn in to a glowing report for BT. Furthermore, if we make BT’s customers in to champions, BT can learn from the mistakes they have made that might have caused complaints in order that they do not occur again. * A dissatisfied customer will tell between 10 and 20 other people about their problem * A customer who has had a problem resolved will tell 5 people about their situation The case of the complaining customer is a valuable study that BT should already have taken heed of. The problems experienced by Mr Shelton almost mirror the experiences some BT customers have when things go wrong and customer relations are tested to the full. It may be tempting for some employees working for such a huge ‘cash cow’ as BT to believe that BT can afford to lose difficult customers. This study shows that whilst few customers actually take the time and energy that Mr Shelton did to complain, there are actually many other dissatisfied customers (Mr Shelton is just the ‘tip of the Iceberg’). These customers are the ‘missing in action’ group and will just quietly take their custom elsewhere and thus impact significantly on BT’s profit margins. The article points out that whilst it would be easy for us to read Mr Shelton’s contacts with the company as neurotic, in actual fact Mr Shelton has responded very emotionally to the way he feels his complaint has been dealt with. Customers should be allowed to vent their feelings, feel listened to and valued before their problem is resolved. They are experiencing feelings of powerlessness and this will be compounded if they feel that an advisor is not listening to them. Paraphrasing can be a useful tool here, to show empathy and check for understanding. TARP published a graphic representing the Tip of the Iceberg Principle. It indicates that consumer complaints to a third party are only a small portion of those that exist. They’re just the visible portion and reflect the much broader picture. This demonstrates how important it is for BT to be proactive in gaining feedback from customers at every possible opportunity. It was not the tip of the iceberg that sunk the Titanic, and it will not affect the business greatly if just those visible customers were dissatisfied with BT’s service. Those that leave quietly will have the greatest impact and BT will have little or no information as to why they left. BT must strive to deal with any customer requests the first time every time. Here is a list of my recommendations for BT for implementing across the board over the next 12 months in order to retain customers. * A review of the training process – all training should be underpinned with updated balance scorecard and appropriate coaching given by line managers * Quality must come before quantity. If all customers were dealt with the first time they called, there would be less calls * Approach customer complaints as a chance to ‘dazzle and delight’ customers and enhance a customers perception of BT – through a training programme * Work together with different departments and not as adversaries. Promote teamwork * Introduce an incentive scheme for teams and individuals who achieve excellent customer relations * Use customer feedback more effectively (EDCSM’s)- find out what customers want/expect then exceed this * Give staff more responsibility and authority to deal with complaints. Allow then to be flexible when it comes to procedural rules. Stop quoting ‘BT policy’. * Allow a measure of redress such as goodwill payments and compensation payments In implementing the above and re-training staff, BT will retain greater numbers of customers. Existing customers (especially those we have information about) are an ideal group to market new products to as well gain information from about how to improve on the products and services BT has.

Great Awakening Essay

The Great Awakening, which found its beginnings in 1740, was the first event to effectively influence all of the British colonies. In recent years religion had become complacent, and many people were going to church, but not really benefitting from the teachings. Going through the motions and acting like they were gaining something out of it was the main thought of the time. During this time, strong minded evangelists emerged and began preaching with fire-and-brimstone on their tongues; declaring the only way to find salvation was through conversion. This spirited revival became what is known as the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening empowered people to begin thinking on their own, making their own decisions, which brought them closer in relationship with God. The Great Awakening is believed to be one of the reasons the colonists lost favor with the British Empire, and gave rise to the beginnings of the American Revolution. The Great Awakening The Great Awakening had its beginnings in the American colony of New Jersey. Frelinghuysen and Gilbert Tennent are recognized as the first to organize the Awakening. Frelinghuysen, a Dutch pastor raised in the Dutch reformed churches, began teaching the necessity of deep transformation in the 1720’s. Tennent followed his father when he continued organizing the â€Å"log colleges† where many young evangelists received their start in ministry. The works of these two men caused the spark, which ignited the great rivals of the 18th century. In 1734, the Great Awakening continued to spread into the Massachusetts, where a young preacher named Jonathan Edwards pursued it with a passion. Edwards became a well-known pastor, and through his intense sermons the Holy Spirit caused the conversion of many of his followers and non-followers. Another well-known preacher was a young man named George Whitefield. He arrived in the colonies in 1738, and by 1739 began his powerful preaching. Between 1739 and 1741 he began his most noteworthy and powerful ministry in the Americas. He had a voice that reached thousands, and his sermons led many to rise from their seats weeping and convulsing. Many achievements owe its foundation to the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening made it possible for young men to pursue their life’s quest in the ministry of God. It allowed people to think on their own and make decisions based on their own reasoning causing people to remember the exact time and  date they were converted. Another major outcome of the Great Awakening was its profound effect on education. Many well-known universities, Princeton and Dartmouth for example, came into being through the works of the great evangelists. In the wake of all the good the Great Awakening accomplished, many controversies arose too. Many of the clergy condemned many ministers who were considered unconverted, and this included people of the congregation as well. Many of their differences caused denominations to split, especially when the new age evangelists collided with the old age. The Great Awakening continued to thrive until the onset of the revolution. Baptist and the First Great Awakening During the Great Awakening the Baptists arrived late, partly because of the New England establishment of churches they belonged to. The two main figures responsible for the Baptist accepting the Great Awakening was Shubal Stearns and Daniel Marshall. In 1755, the Stearns and Marshall families traveled to the Colony of North Carolina and established the Sandy Creek Baptist Church, which became the mother for some forty additional churches in the region. In 1755, all were committed to the enthusiastically religion of the Separate Baptist, or Go-spellers, with its emotional preaching and religious experience. The Marshalls laid the ground work in ministry, especially when it came to the Native Americans. Following Daniel Marshall’s ordination, many Baptists refused to participate in their ideals because they believed that women were allowed to assemble and conduct public prayer meetings when men were present. In 1770, a woman by the name of Margret Meuse Clay was among many Baptists arrested and put on trial for unlicensed preaching. While the men were whipped for their guilt, Margret was pardoned when an unknown man paid her fine. Another Baptist group emerging from the Great Awakening was the Regular Baptist. They originated in Charleston, SC, and they were among the social elite. They believed in orderly worship and educated ministry. Both groups believed in experiencing conversion, but their views differed on acceptance. The Separate Baptist believed in enthusiastic outburst, while the Regular Baptist believed this to be confusing, and God disapproved on confusion. The Baptist continued to grow and expand out West where they participated in many revivals growing churches out of mass conversions. Fathers of the Great Awakening Theodorus Frelinghuysen The Great Awakening introduced many evangelists to the scene but it was Theodorus Frelinghuysen, who is credited with starting the Great Awakening. He grabbed the reins and ran, assuming the lead role in the middle colonies. Frelinghuysen was born in 1691 and was the son of a Dutch reformed pastor. He is credited with beginning new congregations in the American colony of New Jersey, and by the mid-1700s, his congregation grew to be the second largest next to the Presbyterian Church. He was a firm believer in institutionalizing school systems, largely for the illiterate and the frontier families. He was an early advocate of reform within the church, and when he delivered his first sermon in America, he upset a few of his parishioners and a petition was signed seeking his removal from the church. Frelinghuysen stood up to the charges and defeated them. He continued to inspire the religious awakening within the church causing the Great Awakening to explode. Frelinghuysen preached on the basis of emotional experience and a conversion of personal faith. It is not known when Frelinghuysen passed away, but as for the Great Awakening, he is credited for being the instrument of faith that led other reformers in establishing themselves as great evangelists. George Tennent Born in Ireland in 1703, George Tennent was a key leader in the development of the Great Awakening. He preached on religious conversion based on personal experiences. Tennent, after receiving advice from Frelinghuysen on how conversion saves the soul, made evangelism the centerpiece of his ministry. In the 1730s, he continued his father’s work with the â€Å"Log College,† and by doing this, secured many young men into devoting their lives to the work of ministry. In 1735, Tennent met and began traveling with George Whitefield, and they set off on a preaching tour of New England. By the end of 1739, Tennent and Whitefield parted ways but Tennent continued his one-man crusade preaching throughout New Jersey and Maryland. By the 1740s, Tennent acquired the reputation as being a powerful preacher. Whitefield contacted Tennent again in the late 1740s, and asked him to preach in front of his congregation. This time Tennent was a seasoned  minister and atop on his career, so he gladly accepted, and for three months straight he delivered intense sermons, placing so much fear in the minds of the congregation, especially when he spoke of the eternal damnation. Tennent was often ridiculed by church officials, and he gladly responded to them by comparing them to Scribes and Pharisees of the New Testament. Tennent died in 1764, as pastor of the 2nd Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was one of the most influential evangelists of the early colonial times, his fiery sermons of the 1730s and 1740; still have remarkable influence on the evangelist of today. Edwards was born into a deeply religious family in the year 1703, and his family background is one of great importance. His grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, was a stern fire-and-brimstone type evangelist. In 1677, Stoddard founded a congregation that was eager to listen to his words and moved the church into a different direction. He extended the scope regarding infant baptism, and began allowing anyone to partake in the Lord’s Supper regardless of their faith. Solomon Stoddard had a great influence on his grandson that would last his entire life. Edwards, in his essay â€Å"Personal Narrative,† traced his religious background to when he was nine or ten years old. During this time, he became very concerned with the soul’s salvation. This concern allowed him to seek solitude where he prayed and meditated and sought the company of other boys who had the same likeness he had. In 1716, at the age of thirteen, his interest, for religion grew, and he was accepted to the Collegiate College of Connecticut. His classes were very challenging, but in 1720 he graduated. The following years were very troubling for Edwards, and he began keeping a diary of his everyday life. In 1723, he made a notation describing his feeling toward his walk with God. He felt he was not living as a born-again Christian, and decided to rededicate his life to God. In 1729, Solomon Stoddard passed away, and Edwards inherited his congregation, but the church had strong ties with Stoddard, and Edwards found himself in a spiritually declining church. He decided to redirect the spiritual interest of the church, and found himself criticizing his grandfather, which led to his removal. By the 1730s, Edwards career was in full swing. He found his calling through the gospels, and he set off devoting himself to awakening  North Hampton to its true spiritual origin. Edwards delivered such powerful sermons such as â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† which emotionally impaired the congregation, raising them from their seats and crying hysterically. In a sermon describing eternal damnation, many people contemplated suicide rather than facing their own sin. Within a few years, the results of his devotion would permanently change America’s religious history. Edwards began hearing about the teachings of George Whitefield, and in 1740 invited him to North Hampton. When Whitefield met Edwards, he described him as weak in the body but spiritually sound. Edwards did not believe Whitefield would be accepted, but during his first sermon, which described the town’s feelings, the entire congregation wept including Edwards. Following Whitefield’s departure, Edwards saw a profound change in the town’s attitude and wrote Whitefield telling him of this transformation. Edwards saw intense conversions from people, who used to struggle with the Spirit of God, but through their faith found peace with God. In 1751, Edwards took a position in Stockdale as a missionary to the Mohawk Indian Tribe. Though he was met with numerous attacks, he succeeded in his duties, and the Indian School stabilized under his leadership. During the final years of the 1740s, Edwards began focusing on the doctrine of original sin, which his views caused great discernment with fellow New England clergymen. In his book, â€Å"Freedom of the Will,† he commented on the evil men do, but they also do good. Edward’s views on sin were greatly expressed when he compared a man’s sinful heart with removing a candle from a lighted room. Jonathan Edwards died on March 22, 1758, following a vaccination for small pox. He last words were, â€Å"Trust in God, and Ye need not fear†(Gura). George Whitefield George Whitefield was a charismatic preacher, who began touring the American colonies in 1740. His sermons attracted huge crowds, leaving no space for people to sit down. He was the founder of the emotional revival tradition that changed the course of the religious history in the United States. George Whitefield was born in Gloucester, England in the year 1714, and by the time he graduated college he was ordained a deacon with the Church of England. He was closely associated with John and Charles Wesley and became very passionate of their missions in the colony of Georgia, but when the  Wesley’s left the colonies, Whitefield vowed nothing was going to keep him from doing God’s work in the colonies, so he left England on the first of several trips to the American colonies. After a year-long absence, he returned to England and was ordained a priest, which would give him more prestige when he returned to Georgia. Trouble began for Whitefield when the Bishop of England, Edmund Gibson, began criticizing him for his beliefs in Divine Guidance and his judgment of others. Whitefield responded to these charges by denouncing the Anglican Clerics as lazy and pleasure-seeking. Following the attacks by Gibson, Whitefield traveled back to the colonies and began his most successful evangelical tour. He traveled up and down the east coast, and everywhere he went large crowds followed, and his reputation as a God sent messenger preceded him. In 1740, one of his biggest followers, Jonathan Edwards, wrote him a letter inviting him to North Hampton to speak to its citizens. Whitefield’s sermons were so passionate the townspeople began weeping in their seats. Following his departure, Edwards saw a dramatic change occur within his congregation and wrote a letter to Whitefield telling him of the transformation. Between the years of 1739 and 1741, Whitefield’s sermons began a powerful movement known as the Great Awakening, and several denominations cooperated with his teachings, except for his own Anglican colleagues. During this time, he began publishing several journals attacking those closest to him. In 1741, he attacked Wesley by publishing a journal criticizing the Arminianism manifest in John Wesley’s sermon â€Å"Free Grace.† Even though he criticized John Wesley, they maintained a close friendship. Whitefield continued in his revival, and thousands came from the British Isles and American colonies to hear his fiery sermons. He was a supporter of many charitable causes, and in 1740, he established an orphanage in Savannah, GA and a school for African-Americans; in doing this he hoped to awaken all of Christendom to a great and sweeping Christian revival. George Whitefield died of heart failure following an open-air sermon on September 30, 1770. Conclusion The First Great Awakening did more than just cause people to fall into the church aisles or prompt them to coming forward to an alter call. It filled evangelicalism with a strong social and missionary impulse. It brought an end to the Puritan conception of society as a beneficial union of  ecclesiastical and public life. The leaders called for purity in the churches, even if it meant destroying the close union of church and state. The Great Awakening brought increase in church membership, and created a more democratic spirit within the townships and communities. It took on various humanitarian duties as well. It helped in the development of numerous colleges such as, Princeton and Dartmouth Universities. It preserved the relationship between the American colonies and the Native Americans. The Great Awakening will be one of the biggest turning points in American history, and be felt for generations to come.

Political and historic perspective of Poland Essay

Political and historic perspective of Poland - Essay Example ng states would influence the course of Poland’s history from peace time to wars with specific periods in each of these countries’ histories, interconnected. For instance, according to Geoffrey Elton et al. (1990), the balance of power between landowners and the monarchy was so even throughout the century as to give to their relations, whether of conflict or co-operation, a significance that illuminates the more decisive conflicts which were at the same time being waged in the extremer parts of Europe. (526) More specifically, we have Poland’s war against Russia which reduced the country into near anarchy and eventually divided it among Russia, Prussia and Austria. Afterwards, the Second World War would leave the country in ruins, earning for Poland the distinction of the country with the most percentage of deaths among its citizens. After the war, Poland became a communist country with a Soviet imposed government patterned after the rest of the Eastern bloc. In the communism’s fall in the 1990s, a democratic government was set in place and thus, began the history of Democratic Poland. Ethnic groups that have settled in Central Europe, such as Slavic, Celtic, Baltic and Germanic is said to have given rise to Poland. A system that had some semblance to a government with a definite territory was first seen in 966 A.D. And since then, Poland had always had a unitary form of government except in the 12th century wherein the country descended into a period of feudal disintegration fragmenting the country into several states. Poland flourished during era of foreign migration, particularly during the influx of the Jews. The parliamentary system of government has been in place in Poland since the fifteenth to sixteenth century when the nobility wielded political power based on the local or country assemblies, which exercised parliamentary functions. (Elton et al. 528) I would like to underscore that around the period of sixteenth century there was a large number

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Operating Segments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Operating Segments - Essay Example IFRS 8 normally applies to the individual and separate financial statements of a business organization, or consolidated financial statements of a group of business organizations managed by a company. Through this statement, we can denote that there is a need of carrying out financial reporting through operational segment reporting (Bragg, 2010). Segment reporting involves giving of separate accounts of the individual divisions or units of a company, its subsidiaries and other divisions. In an annual accounting report, the purpose of a financial segment reporting is to give an accurate picture of the performance of a public company to its shareholders and investors (Crawford and Helliar, 2010). Future or prospective investors will also use this financial statement for purposes of making a decision on whether to invest or not in a business organization. For the management of an organization, segment reporting is used for purposes of evaluating the assets, liabilities, expenses and inco me of each segment. This is for purposes of assessing how risky or profitable the business segment under consideration is. It is through this assessment that the managers of a business organization will develop policies aimed at meeting the objectives and aims of the business organization (Bragg, 2010). When it comes to the evaluation of large capitalized companies, carrying out an analysis of important financial information is the beginning point. On a general perspective, it is always difficult to understand the financial records and information of large capitalized business organizations (Bragg, 2010). To understand their operations and financial records, there is a need of analyzing every operation of the business organizations. This is individually. The segment data of a company is therefore an important place to begin an analysis of the

Financial crisis 2008 for corporate governance & ethics course Case Study

Financial crisis 2008 for corporate governance & ethics course - Case Study Example Moral hazard occurs when a party to a contract understanding that the consequences of their actions will be borne by a different party puts themselves under more risks. This paper aims at analyzing the characteristics that make the 2008 financial crisis an ethics and specifically moral hazard situation and the measures taken for effectively eradicating the recession. Reasons for the 2008 financial crisis include massive nationwide residential housing bubble, financial sector overleveraging, unregulated subprime lending growth at a large rate, and lack of transparency in new, complex, and more popular mortgage based funds. The other reasons for the global financial crisis in 2008 was resultant inability to measure risk, screening of borrowers and bank lending of precarious loans and lack of concern on ability to pay with main aim being origination of loans (Dowd, 143). These factors that resulted in the financial crisis shows the blatant disregard by the financial institutions of the needs of the stakeholders through taking on precarious loans depicting an example of the lack of ethics or moral hazard situation. Securitization and subprime mortgage origination rose until 2006 when household debt was 100% of US GDP, causing rising interest rates making refinancing difficult and drop of housing prices and 1.3 million housing projects were on forecl osure in 2007, the crash had began. The proceeding days would be so tough for banks and other financial institutions owing to bank runs and collapse including certain governments that depended so much on foreign market loans. The crisis could have been prevented through a reduction in the bailouts or the expectation of bailouts by firms since set precedence for firms to invest in risky activities. This is because when these activities are successful; the investors benefit, but in case of failure, there are bailout by the government. Having a law holding each person responsible for the risky actions that led to the

Identify and describes four cultural resources Essay

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Social Justice Essay Example for Free

Social Justice Essay Social justice is defined as justice exercised within a society, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various social classes of that society. A socially just society is defined by its advocates and practioners as being based on the principles of equality and solidarity; this pedagogy also maintains that the socially just society both understands and values human rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of every human being.[1][2] The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. [3] Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of the human rights education.[4] The term and modern concept of social justice was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati.[1][2][5][6][7] The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, depending on who is using it. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, the Protestants Social Gospel, and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Party upheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on the left of the political spectrum. The Filipino value system or Filipino values refers to the set of values or the value system that a majority of the Filipino have historically held important in their lives. This Philippine value system includes their own unique assemblage of consistent ideologies, moral codes, ethical practices, etiquette, and cultural and personal values that are promoted by their society. As with any society though, the values that an individual holds sacred can differ on the basis of religion, upbringin g and other factors. As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships.[1] Social Justice in the Liberal State [1] is a book written by Bruce A. Ackerman, recipient of the French Order of Merit,[2] Sterling Professor of Law and Political  Science at Yale, and the author of fifteen books that have had a broad influence in political philosophy, constitutional law, and public policy.[3] The book is an essay in political philosophy,[2] a new view of the theoretical foundations of liberalism that will challenge us to clarify our own implicit notions of liberal democracy. [4] Ackerman addresses the positive case for a liberalism that glorifies neither the state bureaucracy nor the private market. References to the sphere of relations among states are few, but the breadth of the attack on the fundamental issues of man and society is impressive.[5] To Ackerman, liberalism is a kind of structured conversation in which verbal negotiation among those with differing visions of the good life is an alternative to the exercise of naked power.[6] Ackerman has mounted a profound challenge to contract thinking. It works, crudely, on the idea that the premises of a course of contract reasoning can be manipulated so as to yield (more or less) any conclusion that the theorist has some antecedent interest in producing.[7] The social contract is the contract which would be confirmed by the entire population, under ideal conditions, after perfect and complete consideration.[8] Ackerman has offered a suggestion for determining whether any persons among a genetically diverse group are genetically disadvantaged. His suggestion is that, to be genetically undominated, a person must possess a set of abilities that permit him to pursue some life purpose that some persons have, with as much facility as any other person is able to pursue that life purpose. And Ackerman asserts that every person has a right to be genetically undominated.[9] The privatization of religious convictions is also strongly defended. Ackerman argues for a maximal separation doctrine in that religion does not have an appropriate place in the public realm of a liberal democracy.[10] The book also briefly suggests [11] responsive lotteries,[12] prototypes of lottery voting as a way to decide issues, but leaves the question hanging in the air, inviting others to devote more serious thought to lottery voting.[11] Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire, called conscience.George Washington The glow of one warm thought is to me worth more than money. Thomas Jefferson Activism without spirituality is just an angry mob. Sharing the truth and  shining a light on corruption is only the first step. We must also be brave enough to look within and search for that which we can align with, a solution. Working toward what we want VS being angry at what we dont want. It is time to take responsibility for our thoughts and how we reside on this world. Bernard Alvarez 1. Open your heart. Don’t let life make you cold and callous. Remember that to truly enjoy life you have to be open to the reality that sometimes it hurts too. Keep opening your heart to love. 2. Give sincere compliments. I’ve blogged before about how our society is so critical that people often don’t even know how to receive compliments. I’m not suggesting you go around throwing out so many compliments that they become meaningless, but sometimes letting someone know that you notice them in a positive way is exactly what that person needed—and that positivity will come back to you. 3. Put effort into life. My husband often says that people have a sense of entitlement, that they think they’re owed success or happiness. Guess what? You’re not. The reality is that life isn’t fair; happiness often takes working at having a positive outlook and mindset and worthwhile success comes from effort. However, I truly believe that God, the universe, or whatever you believe in, helps people that help themselves. 4. Be honest, but not hurtful. Honesty should be your only policy, but not when this honesty serves to make you feel better while hurting someone else. Learn when to be open and forthright—and when to keep your yapper shut. 5. Sing. Yes, sing. Singing clears our energy and brings lightness to our hearts. It really doesn’t matter if you’re a good singer. Just close the door, turn on your favorite song and belt out a tune—I promise you’ll feel invigorated. 6. Play. Every single day you should be doing something fun. Even if you have the  craziest day at work or your kids are sick, there’s always one minute to joke and laugh with your spouse, to read a few pages of an inspiring book or to simply play along with your children (trust me, kids know how to have fun). Even making dinner can be enjoyable—if you have the right attitude. 7. Drink water. I love water—a lot. If you don’t like water, too bad, drink it anyway. 8. Quit reading the news. All right, I’m certainly not saying that we should become uneducated drones, but how often do you read unnecessarily damaging headlines—about depressing things that you can’t change or that don’t really affect you—and you feel like crap afterwards? So stop. Put down your phone or the TV remote and, I don’t know, sing a song instead. 9. Hug. Hugging is so underrated. Hugs help you become happy and relaxed almost instantly. Too often the people that we love become ordinary faces that we don’t spend enough time loving in basic human ways, like hugging. 10. Forgive. Almost every day presents us with challenging people or situations. These people and opportunities are put in our way because they serve to make us better people—if we allow it. So stop carrying old baggage around, and open yourself to the notion that every minute provides you the chance to start again—regardless of the date. Let yourself move forward—without the weight of burdens that don’t serve your best self. While I don’t believe in New Year’s resolutions, I definitely do believe that every day can bring us closer to our highest, happiest selves; so consider trying these 10 small things on a regular basis—because it’s these little steps that get you where you want to be. Social Work combines the insight of psychology with the reality of the world in which people function. As social workers we influence the direction of peoples lives through exploring those connections. Psychology is a science. Social Work is the application of that science in the context of the person and where that person is in their life. social justice is defined as justice exercised within a society, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various social classes of  that society. A socially just society is defined by its advocates and practioners as being based on the principles of equality and solidarity; this pedagogy also maintains that the socially just society both understands and values human rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of every human being. The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of the human rights education. The term and modern concept of social justice was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, depending on who is using it. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, the Protestants Social Gospel, and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Party upheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on the left of the political spectrum. The Filipino value system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this particular place and time. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense. First, although mankind shares universal human values, it is obvious that certain values take on for us a distinctively Filipino flavor. Secondly, when we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino values are absent in the value systems of other peoples and cultures. All people eat, talk and sing, but they eat different foods, speak various languages and sing different songs. Thus, we easily recognize Filipino, American, Chinese, Japanese or any other foreign food, language or music. The difference lies in the way these elements are ranked, combined or emphasized so that they take on a distinctively Filipino slant or cast. For instance, in China, honesty and hard work may rank highest; Chinese and Japanese cultures give great value  to politeness and beauty; American culture to promptness and efficiency; and Filipino culture to trust in God and family centeredness. In this sense of value-ranking and priority of values, we can speak of dominant Filipino values. Thirdly, universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-economic, political, moral and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations. This is true not only of the aims and goals, beliefs, convictions, and social principles of the traditional value system of the lowland rural family but also of what Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J. calls the Filipino nationalistic tradition(pagsasarili,pagkakaisa,pakikisama, pakikipagkapwa-tao, and pagkabayani.) A Filipino value or disvalue does not exist alone, in isolation or in a vacuum. Filipino values like bahala na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, pakius ap are clustered around core values like social acceptance, economic security, social Moral, values and ethics define who we are and what we believe. Culture, religion, and many other things affect our beliefs. One uses various types of ethics when surrounded by different groups. Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practice goo ethics and morals. These things make morals, ethics and values important in society. many factors can contribute to what we think is morally right or wrong. Religion, for example, may create a barrier on to what extent we do something. Some religions set rules, or guidelines on which they limit what we do. Cultures as well contribute to people’s decisions. Many times our values and ethics disagree with different people who hold different views and beliefs. This has become evident with one of the most well – known religion in China – Confucianism. Although it is not considered as an organized religion, it teaches how we should live our lives. Kung Fu Tzu, also known as Confucius, who founded the philosophy believed that his society could be saved only if it emphasized in sincerity in personal and public conduct. This is due to the sorrowful fact that during his time constant warfare existed that extended through the surrounding states from where he was. Chinese society had been altered due to rapid political change, leading to people simply ignoring the set standards of social behavior. Confucius  feared that this would ultimately lead to the destruction of his society, and felt it was necessary to act as soon as possible if there was to be any hope to stop this impending self-destruction of his society. Confucian teachings served as a guide to conduct that not only influenced his people but also his wisdom has considerably spread in other countries. Everyone has their own set of values, â€Å"socially shared conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper or bad.† Our values influence our orientations, actions, reactions, and interpretations,.

Sample Of Childrens Imaginative Children And Young People Essay

Sample Of Childrens Imaginative Children And Young People Essay This paper will focus on an observation which demonstrates a childrens use of imagination and pretence. This sample of play displays evidence of Harry, Jenny, Katie and Lucys use of pretence, role play and symbolic play, of which the main focus of this commentary will be role play and symbolic play. Children are able to detach themselves from reality during pretend play and at the same time get closer to reality (Wood Attfield, 2005). They create roles, use symbols, and redefine objects, shared meanings, transferring real world knowledge skills and understanding from areas of their lives. In pretend fantasy play children become whatever they choose to be in this case mum, dad and child. According to Corsaro (2003) children often become roles that exist in society and through the childrens shared knowledge of the adult world they are able to transform themselves. Harry, Jenny, Katie and Lucy are able to transform themselves in to roles of parents and child due to the knowledge they have gained through their own experience (9, 12). These children are able to draw upon their existing knowledge of their parents behaviour and actions which Piaget (1962) would refer to as schema (building blocks of knowledge). According to Corsaro (2003) dramatic role-play assists childrens social and emotional development and he states that many have seen role play as an imitation of adults. Corsaro continues to expresses that children do not just imitate adults in their play they take on the power and control of an adult through imaginative play. This can then be used in the future when t hey will be in charge of themselves and others. Harry and Jenny display this when stepping into the role of parents they experiment and imagine what it feels like to have power as a parent. A very significant theme throughout this observation is symbolic play and is seen frequently firstly when the children use play dough to represent cakes (3, 5, 7, 13, 14,), a box to represent an oven (6, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25) and later when Harry uses a building block as a telephone (30). According to Garvey (1990) objects operate and link the child with their environment and as a child matures their use of objects in pretence become more appropriate. Objects become more realistic and understandable to adults. Referring back to Garvey this is when play scenarios becomes more comprehensive. These children all transform objects to take new form to serve as a purpose to continue the play and it is very obvious to the adult eye what these objects represent when the play theme is known or observed. These children (with the exception of one who generally copied her peers) have learnt to make-believe and are using less realistic objects, they become more inventive and more imagina tive, skilled pretenders where they have transformed a cardboard box into an oven (Garvey, 1990). Harry speaks to an imaginary person on his imaginary telephone pausing allowing time for a response this was very realistic, he developed the theme of having to go to work after ending the telephone conversation. According to Garvey (1990) children use roles and identities not just to the participants but also to imaginary ones and objects are changed and invented as they are needed and in order to engaged in make believe. Singer Singer (2007) express that symbolic play enables children to have a clear sense of what is real and what is not real or fantasy. Jenny had the ability to switch between reality and pretence when using the phrase Lets pretend. Jenny initiates the play theme to Lucy and Katie. (1). It is obvious that Jenny has made cakes with her mother on many occasions (7) referring to Bruce (2011) Jenny is using her imagination in a play situation and rearranging past experience in new ways. It appears that Lucy seems to be confused by her suggestion by voicing her concerns how (2). Jenny demonstrates to Lucy what she wants her to do by cutting the play dough into moon shapes (5). Lucy is now able to visualise that the play dough will now change form and become cakes even though they are not actually real cakes. Vygotksy (1978: 86) states that when peers interact they can support less component peers in developing skills this is known as the Zone of Proximal Development (1978: 86). In this case Lucy is in the zone of proximal development and through peer support she can now successfully understand that the play dough is going to represent a cake. Jenny as a more knowledgeable peer in terms of being older has more experie nce, so she was able to support and instruct Lucy. They are in the play room they have no ingredients, no oven and no obvious cooking utensils. There were no realistic objects for Lucy to use to make cakes. Lucys maturity level is not as advanced as the others and she finds herself in new situations which contradict her existing schemas, the existing schema must be accommodated in order for the new information to fit, fantasy play can help children make sense and test these ideas through assimilation (Piaget, 1962 Kitson, 2005). Lucy being the youngest participant Fenson, Kearsley and Zelazo (1976 cited in Smith, 2010) state that younger children depend on more realistic objects during pretend play Lucy has not yet reached the stage they refer to as decontextualization where children have the ability to use less realistic substitute objects. This observation has highlighted the importance of pretend/fantasy play for children to be able to express themselves as well as enjoy this valuable time. Observations of this type of play provides valuable insights in to childrens social worlds, however within a pre-school setting this type of free play could be very difficult due to observe due to the amount of children within a pre-school class. In this type of small setting (in a child minders home) this task is easier to carry out and can provide important information about a childs likes/dislikes, what makes them happy/sad and possible anxieties they may have but most importantly where they are developmentally. Freud (1961 cited in Moyles, 2005) states that children display their inner selves through fantasy play. What I observed on this particular occasion was the children were left to their own devices without much supervision or interaction from their child minder. I can only assume this was due to my presence. The question is does adult intervention enhance childrens development? Hutt et al (1989) agree that adult interventions or participation is essential when attempting to improve cognitive development. Smith and Syddall (1978, cited in Hutt et al, 1989: 171) continue to suggest that daily adult interactions in childrens play particular pre-school children can change their performance on tests of cognitive ability. In the case of Lucy struggling to fit in to the play theme at the beginning due to a lack of understanding could have been an opportunity for her child minder to get involved with the play and support her through this (although Jenny did step in to help and the play continued) having an adult take part in these types of social-role play situations could according to Moyles H eathcote (1989, 1984, cited in Kitson, 2005) can stimulate and deepen a childs play experiences and adults can then create learning areas to suit a childs needs. Also referring to Tina Bruce (1997) children are able to benefit when directed than if left to ordinary development. To further support the idea that adult direction supports childrens development, Kitson (cited in Moyles 2005) states effective adult interventions can assist children create new forms of play themes, dilemmas and support children in extending their learning this can be done by not telling children what to do but offering them alternatives to explore. However Brostrom (1997) thinks that play should be free from force of an adult and this can stop child from playing. So rather than forcing play they should observe it more, create more stimulating activities to support it whilst providing materials to initiate more creative play to support childrens learning. Other things to consider are adults involving themselves more with childrens play without dominating the play but sensitively entering childrens worlds and respect the dynamics or the play themes. As the childrens play was ended suddenly Singer and Singer (2007) importantly state that children need time, space and simple materials to engage in pretend play Bib S.J, Hutt, Tyler, C. Hutt Christopherson (1989) Play, Exploration and Learning Smith, Peter, K (date) Children and Play: Understanding Childrens Worlds Bergen, D, (2002) The Role of Pretend Play in Childrens Cognitive Development Volume 4 Number 1 Moyles, J (2005) the excellence of Play 2nd ed chapter 8 Fantasy Play and the case for adult intervention by Neil Kitson Open uni press Berkshire Vygotsky, L. S. (1978).  Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Tina Bruce (2011) Learning through Play 2nd ed London Hodder Tina Bruce (1997) Helping young children to play

Thesis Statement On Illegal Immigrants Politics Essay

Thesis Statement On Illegal Immigrants Politics Essay The illegal immigrant (unauthorized alien) population in the United States is a controversial and key immigration issue. Competing political views in recent years to address the illegal aliens has proven to be a core hindrance to the enactment of comprehensive reform legislation regarding immigration. This paper hopes to highlight the political issues that are connected to illegal immigration in American. The relative cheapness and increased ease of travel compounded by the improvements in information have spurred to a large extent the international illegal immigration around the globe in recent decades. Most countries that are developed experience illegal flows, but the United States has an inflow that is high in comparison to other developed countries, originating mainly from Mexico (Edmonston 50) The problem of immigration is a long standing one in the United States. Francis Walker, the then director of Census, in the 1890s, cited data of census in support of a debate that the country was at the time being overrun by immigrants who were less desirable. At this timer, this were mainly immigrants from eastern and southern Europe who were described as being beaten men who originated from a race that was beaten, he implied that the newer immigrants comprised a stock that was poorer as compared to those who had come earlier. The new immigrants did not have enough resources to leave the cities in the east so as to help the progression of the country west. As such the undesirable immigrants started to be viewed as a burden to the country. The arguments put forth by Walker contributed to an intellectual foundation development for enactments of quotas on national origins that came later. As such, even in the early studies on immigration, immigration data, examined by social, ethnicity and economic characteristics was used to support restrictions on immigration and the realignment of national origins of immigration (Bean, Edmonston, and Passel 13). Politics and illegal immigration By October 1996, The United States Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Services estimated roughly 5 million illegal immigrants that were residing in the country at that time. This figure represented an annual average rate increment of quarter million between 1992 and 1996. Illegal immigration into the United States has been a contested issue since the midcentury. A consequence of this debate was the passage of the first United States legislation which was designed to curb this illegal immigration. The Immigration Control and Reform Act was passed into law in 1986. This number was up to 7 million in 2000 and roughly 10 million in 2004. Illegal Immigration reform and Immigrant Responsibility act was passed by Congress ten years later. They were both passed with the intention of curbing illegal migration (Portes and Rumbaut 138). The origin of illegal immigration id the united states place half of those that are undocumented as originating from Mexico wit 15% form central America. Some of the motivation includes political turmoil in their countries as well as civil war which reflected the long term economical and political involvement by the United States (Johnson 2). The past two decades have witnessed very little meaningful legislation on the issue of immigration despite President Bushs attempt in his second term for comprehensive reform and also president Obamas promises in his campaign to address the issue. Pointing at the economic recession is convenient as is the health care proposal by Obama as a roadblock to reforms in immigration, but these reasons barely scratch the surface. Politicians have always shied away from asking questions that are relevant when it comes to immigration. The policy makers must shift their focus from boarder security to the more relevant underlying economic implications if proper reforms are to be made on the issue. They must As well evaluate the impact that undocumented workers have on the job market. Issues concerning illegal immigration continue languishing in political limbo because politicians do not adopt concrete strategies when it comes to addressing the issue (Johnson 7). Throughout history, politicians have addressed illegal immigration by emphasizing on border security. They have consistently stated that the reason why there are so many illegal immigrants is because the countrys borders are porous. This approach has continuously obscured the main issue that underlies this problem. The political balance on the issue has been between border security and employer sanctions. The government has been largely unsuccessful in the employer sanctions and as such the politicians find it easier to talk about enforcing border crackdowns. This approach, security focused, is not adequate to address the flow of illegal aliens across the Mexican border. These are complex movements that are based on seasonal changes and economic conditions. The border fence is thought of having the paradoxical effect of making those already in the country illegally more determined not to go back as it will be had to get back in. Policy makers in order to make reforms on immigration s tick have therefore to focus more on economic incentives that primarily bring into the country illegal aliens (Bean, Edmonston, and Passel 14). The main concern for congress and states that have a large population of illegal immigrants raise concerns about their impact financially on the programs by the government, their participation in criminal activities and generally the effect that they have in economies of the local community they reside in. the main political claim is that the illegal immigration result in an influx of undocumented workers into the market who take away most of the jobs that belong to the Americans. The jobs done by this immigrant stands roughly at 8 million. However research tends to disregard this fact as the illegal immigrants occupy job markets that are fundamentally different. The illegal immigrants perform the cheap labor such as picking tomatoes and cherries in the Californian desert (Edmonston 51). Another political concern with regard to illegal immigration is that the illegal aliens would and do in fact retain most of their original language as well as develop political issues that are foreign to those found in the United States. As such many people who are passionate about this issue have called for the punishment of illegal immigration by deportation via proceedings of removal. Others believe that the illegal aliens will overtime overpopulate the country as well as damage, culture economy and environment. Still, some believe that the illegal immigrants are criminal as their illegal presence justifies. The political outcry that tool place as a result of the influx in illegal immigration that claimed a loss of control over the border also saw Congress approve measures that would be the fist reform that is comprehensive on matters of immigration laws for more than two decades (Hanson 10). Illegal aliens in the united states once found in violation of the countrys immigration laws may be through a formal process removed from the country or may be given a chance to depart through their own voluntary action. The formal process included penalties such as imprisonment, fines of the prohibition from entering the country in future. The number of people who were legally removed in 2004 was approximately 203,000 people and about another million departed voluntarily. 42000 of the 203,000 of the formal removal were removals that were expedited. This process was designed to speed up the aliens removal that were or wanted to enter the country illegally. Despite these measures, imprisonment, deportations and sealing of borders, the rate of illegal aliens continues to rise (Bischoff 182). It is important to note that the political influence of illegal immigrants in the United States is far reaching than anticipated. Illegal aliens affect the way seats are distributed in the House of Representatives. This is because the appointment is based on the total population of each state; this includes non-citizens as well as illegal alien, relative to other states in the country. This impact is derived from estimates in the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), which indicated that almost 7 million illegal immigrants were counted in the census, 2000. The same report showed that the states with low-immigration rates and which might seek to be unaffected by issues of immigration have in fact had a significant erosion of influence politically in Washington (Poston Jr., Camarota and Baumle 1). Among the findings in this report include: the presence of illegal immigrants in other states caused the states of Michigan, Indiana and Mississippi to lose a seat respectively in the House in 2000 while the state of Montana failed to gain a seta it would have had otherwise; Illegal immigration redistributes seats in the House as well as the presidential election as a result of the electoral college which is based of the congressional delegation size; non-citizen present in the census redistributed in total nine seats. Non-citizens include legal immigrants, illegal aliens, temporary visitors, mainly guest workers and foreign students. In addition the four states that each lost a seat due to illegal immigrants, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Wisconsin and Utah each had one less seat than they could have had; non of the states that lost a seat because of immigrant has a population on the decline, all recorded population growths of more than a million in the 1990s; the reappointment that is immigrant-induced is not similar to reappointment that is caused when natives in a state relocate to another; Immigration takes away from the state the representation that is composed entirely of citizens and results in a creation of state districts that have large numbers of non-citizens; the states with illegal immigrants gained the most seats with California where e immigrant population is 43%gaining 10 of these seats; the political stakes to be found in low-immigration states are enormous. The illegal immigration has the ability to redistribute these sears because of the large number of illegal aliens as well as their high concentration density, two out of every three live in just three states (Poston Jr., Camarota and Baumle 1). In order to counteract the immigration problems, the United States has often responded in a number. For example, California passed an initiative in1994 that was labeled Proposition 187. This came to pass as a draconian proposal which aimers at cutting off education as well as other social services accept for emergency health care for illegal immigrants. The proposition required in addition to what is mentioned above that doctors and teachers were required to turn in such illegal aliens to the appropriate authorities. The passage of this proposal marked the return of a perennial divisive political issue in the country: who to keep in and who to keep out of a country that Native Americans are finding difficult to define as theirs (Bischoff 184). Most of the immigrants who are in the country and have stayed here for a lifetime hope that they will eventually be legalized. The county offers a unique place for this aliens as it has policy that generate legions that oversee illegal aliens almost daily but also in the process also provides them with a home where the can be legalized. The process of legalizing although controversial is an initial step that can help reduce the illegal aliens numbers. However there is no single solution to the above problem in the countrys legislative history, social and political climate and practical experience that can deal with the matter. The country has some form of organized, planned and even institutionalized action that are in place to deal with the illegal immigrants. There is also the practical and the ideologically fundamental necessity to deal with the issue. Primarily, it is to save the image of American democracy which is currently perceived as positive. Secondly, is the need to avoid lawlessness and chaos and to keep the harmonious relationship between those who have lived in the country for generations and those who have managed to acquire homes in the dreamland as a result of their illegal action. Legalization offers a significant step in the provision of hope and the pursuit of happiness for immigrants in the country illegally even though it presents practical and fundamental issues (Hanson 11). The political unpopularity of the United States policy on immigration lays on the obtrusiveness that exist in current efforts that are aimed at enforcing the united states interior accounts that would ensure the expulsion of illegal immigrants or their legalization. The political opening to the issue of illegal immigration in the country lies with the consensus that is building that emphasizes that the immigration policies are broken. This is further highlighted by the fact that despite it being a major issue, the candidates for the 2004 presidential campaign only vaguely addressed how best the reforms would be implemented even though they invoked the issues as important and deserving attention. This implies the political interest in the topic of illegal immigration in the United States (Hanson and Institute for International Economics 10). Conclusion The contentiousness that surrounds immigration often deters politicians from tackling issues on illegal aliens. If changes are implemented on Policies governing the issue, these will mainly specific groups of employers, workers and taxpayers with the aggregate effects on the economy appearing to be minimal. By revising entry and admission restrictions, the government might be in a better position to regulate illegal immigration into the country. In the discussion we see that political issues in this topic arise in different areas, from country of origin, mode of immigration and to the illegal residence in the country which presents political consequences in itself. Reforms in the immigration policy are the only way of addressing this issue adequately.

Does Concentrated Acid or Diluted Acid React Faster? :: Science Experiments Reaction Rates Essays

Does Concentrated Acid or Diluted Acid React Faster? Plan I am going to carry out a reaction between Magnesium ribbon and Hydrochloric acid. The aim of this investigation is to work out which reacts faster, concentrated acid or diluted acid. I will judge if the reaction is fast or slow by observing the bubbles which occur during the reaction and also observe if the Magnesium has disappeared. Only the concentration of the acid will be changed - the Magnesium is a solid. Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl(aq) + H2 (g) There are four main factors which may affect rate of reaction. These are: - 1. Concentration 2. Temperature 3. Catalyst 4. Surface area CONCENTRATION- if the concentration of the acid is increased, the rate goes faster. In a concentrated acid there are more particles in it this means that there is a more chance of successful collisions occurring. If the acid was diluted, there are not many acid particles, which means that there is not much chance of an acid particle hitting a magnesium atom. At the start, there are plenty of Magnesium atoms and acid particles but they get used up during successful collisions. After, a time there a fewer Magnesium atoms and the acid is less concentrated so the reaction slows down. This graph shows this: - volume of hydrogen Time Diluted Acid Concentrated Acid = Acid particle = water molecule = Magnesiumatom TEMPERATURE - at low temperatures the particles of reacting substances don't have enough energy. So if the substances were heated this would mean the particles take in energy. This causes them to move faster and collide vigorously very often. Also making more successful collisions. Therefore the rate of reaction increases. CATALYST - using a catalyst can speed up reactions. If there is a catalyst in the reaction then the collision needs less energy in order to be successful. This results into more collisions becoming successful, so the reaction goes faster, catalysts are very important in industry. Reactions are speeded up at low temperatures, which means less fuel is needed so money is saved. SURFACE AREA - if the Magnesium had a large surface area the atoms in the outer layer will only collide with the acid particles but if the metal was powdered, many more atoms are exposed, so there is a greater chance of successful collisions. Concentrated Acid = Acid particle = water molecule = Magnesium atom COLLISION THEORY The Collision Theory is used to predict the rate of reaction. The Theory is based on the fact that for a reaction to take place, it is

John Clare and the Ubiquitous Editor Essay -- Clare Poet Poem Poetic E

John Clare and the Ubiquitous Editor Editors have always played an important and powerful role in the works of John Clare, from Clare’s own time until the present. An Invite to Eternity presents a model of that relationship between text and editor in microcosm, from its composition inside the walls of a mental institution to its transcription by an asylum attendant, to its early publication and its modern re-presentation today. Written in the 1840s, no extant manuscript of the poem exists in Clare’s own hand and each version of the poem is inflected by its editor in different but always significant ways. In recent years, this is reflected in the sole copyright control over Clare’s work exercised by his most prominent editor, whose own interpretation of Clare governs the way the poet and his poems are presented to a modern audience. The publication history of all of John Clare’s work is, in the end, a history about editorial control and influence. Even An Invite to Eternity, written within the confines of a mental institution seemingly distant from the literary world, is not an exception to this rule, for it and Clare’s other asylum poems do not escape the power and problem of the editor. And, further, this problem of the editor is not one confined to the past, to the actions of Clare’s original publisher John Taylor or to W.F. Knight, the asylum house steward who transcribed the poetry Clare wrote during his 20 odd years of confinement. In fact, debates continue and rankle over the role of the editor in re-presenting Clare’s work to a modern audience: should the modern editor present the unadulterated, raw Clare manuscript or a cleaned up, standardized version as Taylor did? Only exacerbating and exaggerating this problem o... ... (29)Haughton. (30)Hugh Haughton and Adam Phillips, â€Å"Introduction: Relocating John Clare,† John Clare in Context. Ed. Hugh Haughton, Adam Phillips, Geoffrey Summerfield. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 19. (31)Haughton and Phillips, 19; see Robinson, xii. (32)Robinson, xii. (33)See The John Clare Page for a bibliography of news and journal articles concerning the controversy. (34)Robert Mendick, ‘Poets Protest as US Scholar Corners Clare’, Independent on Sunday, 16 July 2000. Online. (35)John Goodridge, â€Å"Poor Clare,† The Guardian, July 22, 2000. Online. (36)Goodridge; The John Clare Page. (37)‘John Clare’s Copyright’ (letter), Times Literary Supplement, July 14 2000, p. 15. (38)See Times Higher Education Supplement (39)See the Robinson version of the poem and the Grigson version, an example of the â€Å"standardized† Clare.

A D-train Passenger Views Outside :: Land Beauty Essays

A D-train Passenger Views Outside The passenger realizes as the light of the sunset passes through the gaps in the skyscrapers that what he sees is good. The glittering reddish sky slowly disappears as the clouds fly; the train descends as the view passes by into the darkness of the underground. It is a scene most of us will encounter if we ever take the New York subway over the Manhattan Bridge at sunset. Many times I have seen this panorama, but it still does not fail to capture me, to draw me away from my book, and to the window. Then while the bridge-columns flash by the windows, in the gaps, like an old movie, the view unrolls in all its beauty. How did our ancient ancestors feel when they saw this spectacular sight? (I mean the â€Å"ancient† of a few decades ago.) I really can’t tell you, because I never was an ancient, and if I saw one, that is not one of the topics that we discussed. But I can tell you how a very intelligent modern man thinks of it. (That would be me. I am also very humble.) I feel that it is a wondrous sight, if you think about it. But only if you think about it. A being less cultured, in a specific way, would not regard the sight as beautiful, inspiring, wondrous, exalting or stupefying. He probably would not even know if those word s exist. He would probably say that it is, well, big. To him it is not necessarily beautiful. We can only understand that it must be beautiful since so much work was put into it, so many people contributed to it and built it, so many breakthroughs had to be achieved prior to the conception, that this site is the culmination of the millennia of human history and science that came before it. Now isn’t that inspiring? (It sure sounds inspiring if you ask me. It even has some pretty long words, so it better be inspiring.) I look at the unfolding view and, subliminally, I think of all the things mentioned above, and only then do I consider the view beautiful. The aforementioned â€Å"uncultured† being looks at it, and finds it â€Å"big†. In his essay â€Å"A First American Views His Land†, N. Scott Momaday tried to express the beauty of that land that he lived in, and the feelings he personally, and Native Americans in general, had toward that land.

A radical democrat: King’s Last Campaign

The task of this paper is two-fold; first, this paper will trace and explain the evolution of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s belief that war, racism and economic injustice are all intertwined and can be dealt with the restructuring of society’s priorities and addressed the necessity of a revolution of values; second, this paper will also explain how he carried out his beliefs in the Memphis Strike and the Poor People’s Campaign in 1968 [what the author and University of Washington professor, Michael K. Honey called â€Å"Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign†]. At the onset of this paper, it is important to note that King’s ‘background’ [which includes his race, habituation, education and religion among many others] is crucial in his struggle against racial discrimination, violence and economic injustice as experienced by blacks in the United States of America. The son of a minister, he was habituated in the teachings of Christianity and was able to attend and complete his formal education with degrees in sociology, theology and divinity. King was a pastor himself at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in the year 1953 prior to finishing his doctoral degree in systematic theology from Boston University on 1955. What prompted the Memphis Strike? Memphis in 1968 was ruled by a paternalistic â€Å"plantation mentality† embodied in its good-old-boy mayor, Henry Loeb. Wretched conditions, abusive white supervisors, poor education, and low wages locked most black workers into poverty (Honey, 2007). This characterization of the political, economic and social conditions of the blacks in Memphis in 1968 by Honey may be cited as cases of â€Å"manufactured and institutionalized oppression†. By manufactured and institutionalized oppression, I mean oppression which involves the mechanisms of law and power relations the basis of which is against the ‘natural law’. Natural law theorists, following the thoughts of St. Augustine that â€Å"an unjust law is not a law at all† and Aquinas’ notion of â€Å"law as an ordinance of reason†, view morality as essentially tied up with the very essence of law. How does King figure in all of this? How can we explain the evolution of King’s ideological perspective? The point is clear: Oppression and unfair treatment of individuals is not morally valid nor is it morally permissible most especially if the basis of such is the individual’s ethnicity or race. As the Kantians believed, each person has a capacity for rational deliberation and choice and as such, an autonomous being with dignity and therefore, ought to be respected by virtue of being human persons. The evolution of King’s ideological perspective may therefore be construed in such way that it is a product, both of his experiences as a black living in a white-dominated society and his philosophical and political development and this may be inferred from Fairclough’s book, â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr.†, 1995. King’s speeches very clearly communicate his views: â€Å"I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality†¦.I have the audacity to believe that peoples everywhere can have three meals a day for their bodies, education and culture for their minds, and dignity, equality, and freedom for their spirits[†¦] (as cited by Carson, 1998). Three important points about King and his political thrusts, philosophical orientation and as to why he may be called a â€Å"radical democrat† may be inferred from the aforementioned quotation. First, as a leading figure in â€Å"civil rights movement† King believed in the tenets of democracy and liberalism in the sense that he believed that both white and black Americans must have fair treatment in the realm of the law, for the purpose of law itself is the administration of social justice. Second, he believed in the â€Å"non-necessity of violence†. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s â€Å"civil disobedience†, he believed that there are peaceful ways in and through which the problem of political and economic injustice may be resolved. It may further be inferred that for him, political, economic and social change can best be achieved not through violence [and that the government should not keep itself busy from going to war, as in the case of the Vietnam War] nor by transforming a portion or a sector of society but what is needed is a restructuring of the society as a whole. King believed that a â€Å"revolution of values† is a matter of strict necessity. King’s views may be identified as â€Å"radical† in this sense. He emphasized the need to restructure even how we think about black Americans or African Americans. It may be inferred that racism, the feeling of being superior over another race or ethnic group or nationality is grounded on the wrong premises; wrong modes of thinking and reasoning. It is by transforming our psyche and by appealing through reason and conscience that society as a whole may chart its rightful path towards genuine social change. Third, he believed and fought not only for civil rights but also for economic changes especially labor rights and lobbied for law reforms to be enacted to protect Negroes from exploitation and oppressive schemes adopted by employers. These include fair treatment and equal work opportunity, just compensation, etc. This is how he carried out his beliefs in the Memphis Strike and the Poor People’s Campaign. King served as a voice crying for the emancipation not only of black Americans but also of other human beings from the chains of oppression. Based on the above discussion, we can see why King believed that the problems and conflicts brought about by war, racism and economic injustice are all intertwined. What we can infer from his views is the interweaving and interconnecting patterns brought about by racism itself. But racism is not in itself the root of the problem; it is merely an effect of a traceable cause. This cause, this root of racism, is none other than a distorted value system, a wrong frame of mind resulting to feelings of superiority and even contempt and hate which further results to taking an unfair advantage of other human beings, plus a very materialistic market essentially driven by capital. The fault is, at bottom, deeply embedded with the minds of persons and a wrong value system, a wrong sense of pride and nationality, for it fails, in the Kantian sense, to respect persons for the sake of being human persons, not as mere means and tools that another person or race may use but as ends-in-themselves, possessing the capacity for rational thought, capable of making rational choices and thereby, beings that are autonomous and dignified and for the aforementioned reasons, deserve to be respected. References: Carson, C. A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Warner Books; Reprint edition (January 1, 2002). Fairclough, A. Martin Luther King, Jr.: University of Georgia Press, c. 1995. Honey, M. Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign: W. W. Norton (January 15, 2007).   

Detection Step

Detection step:gh4h This step speaks about the detection design pattern in structural method or approach.Speake about the roles that important to define a pattern The specific relationship that used to detect the pattern. The high tolerance in detection to archive the high recall because the high precision will archive using ML step How extract and calculate the metrices for roles detected for that two patterns have similar structure. How decide the feature have appear in dataset depends of feature selection stepGive this dataset as input for classifier model created by learning step. The output will be classified roles for which pattern belongs.Specific things that recall less than 70% accuracy will taken as FP. Detection step (speak about detection the DP and their roles using highly tolerance design pattern detection approaches based in structure of design pattern and enhancing DPD tool to get all possible result might be DP. Extract selected metrics for this roles and give it to trained model to apply classification.Make comparing and performance and validation for models (FS vs notFS) (OP vs Not OP) (ensemble vs not for SVM, Ann, deep)? The comparative measure accuracy †¦. · Experiment and the result (I will use two pattern adapter and command to classification similar roles between those patterns , the accuracy will be model result accuracy and comparing the result with benchmark and previous studiesDetection step. The detection phase is divided into two steps: the structural detection design pattern roles step and roles distinguish step. The input in the first step will be the source code that we want to detect design pattern from, and the output is design pattern candidate roles, while the aim of our study distinguishes between patterns have a similarity of structural aspect the similar roles between two patterns will come out with the same name, the second step input is the candidate roles that are out of the first step and will be entered as input into learned classifier to classify roles according to which design pattern belongs. First step: structural detection Design pattern candidate is a group of classes, each class represents a role in design pattern and these classes connected together with a relationship according to the particular structure of design pattern. The similarities in design patterns occur due to the similarity of the structure of the corresponding patterns (the object-oriented relationship between these classes is same). This similarity leads to the problem of distinguishing between roles in similar structure design pattern that mean every role are corresponding to a role in another design pattern. Though identical in structure, the patterns are completely different in purpose In this step, the input will be the source code, and the output is a data-set that contains design pattern candidate roles associated with class metrics, as shown in figure?. To detect design pattern, we adjusted Tsantalis et al. work to produce similar roles in similar structural design patterns.for example, in state and strategy design patterns, there are two roles that influence the confusion of patterns (Strategy and State, Strategy_Context and State_Context ), the identical roles detected in this step will be under the same label(Strategy /State, Context). We have adapted a Tsantalis et al. approach to detect candidate by extending the definition of a design pattern roles to identify a set of design pattern roles with more tolerance regardless of the false positive and false negative results are permissible in this step that will be covered in next step using learned classifier model. next, software metrics for each design pattern roles produced are calculated and based on the feature selection step in learning phase meticas were selected to present them as features in a dataset, then the dataset normalized to prepare for next step. Second step: distinguishes between patterns have a similarity of structural.In this step, each design pattern role produced in the previous step is given to each design pattern classifier learned in the learning phase in order to determine which design pattern the design pattern role belong to, that the classifier is expert on. each similar structural design pattern roles are classified by a separate classifier with different subsets of features selected by feature selection method to best represent each one of them. Then, each classifier states its opinion with a confidence value. Finally, if the confidence value of the candidate combination of classes is located in the con- fidence range of that design pattern, then, the combination is a design pattern, otherwise it is not.4.——————————A. Chihada et al.Design pattern detection phase The input of this phase is a given source code and the output is design pattern instances existing in the given source code. To per-form this phase, the proposed method uses the classifiers learned in the previous phase to detect what groups of classes of the given source code are design pattern instances. This phase is divided into two steps, preprocessing and detection.3.2.1. Preprocessing In this section, we try to partition a given system source code into suitable chunks as candidate design pattern instances. Tsanalis et al. [7] presented a method for partitioning a given source code based on inheritance hierarchies, so each partition has at most one or two inheritance hierarchy. This method has a problem when some design pattern instances involving characteristics that extend beyond the subsystem boundaries (such as chains of delegations) cannot be detected. Furthermore, in a number of design patterns, some roles might be taken by classes that do not belong to any inheritance hierarchy (e.g., Context role in the State/Strategy design patterns [1]). In order to improve the limitations of the method presented in[7], we propose a new procedure that candidates each combination of b classes as a design pattern instance, where b is the number of roles of the desired design pattern. Algorithm 1 gives the pseudocode for the proposed preprocessing procedure. Algorithm 1.   The proposed preprocessing procedureInput: Source code class diagrams Output: Candidate design pattern instances1. Transform given source code class diagrams to a graph G2. Enrich G by adding new edges representing parent's relationships to children according to class diagrams3. Search all connected subgraphs with b number of vertices from G as candidate design pattern instances4. Filter candidate design pattern instances that haven't any abstract classes or interfaces 3.2.2. Design pattern detectionIn this step, each candidate combination of classes produced in the preprocessing step is given to each design pattern classifier learned in Phase I of the proposed method in order to identify whether the candidate combination of classes is related to the design pattern that the classifier is expert on. Then, each classifier states its opinion with a confidence value. Finally, if the confidence value of the candidate combination of classes is located in the confidence range of that design pattern, then, the combination is a design pattern, otherwise it is not.Phase One (Intra-Class Level)The primary goal of phase one is to reduce the searchspace by identifying a set of candidate classes for every rolein each DP, or in other words, removing all classes that aredefinitely not playing a particular role. By doing so, phase oneshould also improve the accuracy of the overall recognitionsystem. However, these goals or benefits are highly dependenton how effective and accurate it is. Although some falsepositives are permissible in this phase, its benefits can becompromised if too many candidate classes are passed to phasetwo (e.g. _ 50% of the number of classes in the softwareunder analysis). On the other hand, if some true candidateclasses are misclassified (they become false negatives), thefinal recall of the overall recognition system will be affected.So, a reasonable compromise should be struck in phase oneand it should favour a high recall at the cost of a low precision.Phase Two (Inter-Class Level)In this phase, the core task of DP recognition is performedby examining all possible combinations of related roles' candidates. Each DP is recognized by a separate classifier, whichtakes as input a feature vector representing the relationshipsbetween a pair of related candidate classes. Similarly, to rolesin phase one, different DPs have different subsets of featuresselected to best represent each one of them. Input featurevectors and model training are discussed in section V. The work that we present in this paper is built on the ideas of [11] where the author presents design pattern detection method based on similarity scoring algorithm.In the context of design pattern detection, the similarity scoring algorithm is used for calculating similarity score between a concrete design pattern and analyzed system. Let GA(system) and GB(pattern) be two directed graphs with NA and NB vertices. The similarity matrix Z isdefined as an NBÃâ€"NA matrix whose entry SIJ expresses how similar vertex J (in GA) is to vertex I (in GB) and is called similarity score between two vertices (I and J). Similarity matrix Z is computed in iterative way: 0In [11] authors define a set of matrices for describing specific (pattern and software system) features (for example associations, generalizations, abstract classes). For each feature, a concrete matrix is created for pattern and for software system, too (for example association matrix, generalization matrix, abstract classes matrix). This processleads to a number of similarity matrices of size NBÃâ€"NA (one for each described feature). To obtain overall picture for the similarity between the pattern and the system, similarity information is exploited from all matrices.In the process of creating final similarity matrix, different features are equivalent. To preserve the validity of the results, any similarity score must be bounded within therange ?0, 1?. Higher similarity score means higher possibility of design pattern instance. Therefore, individual matrices are initially summed and the resulting matrix is normalized by dividing the elements of column i (corresponding to similarity scores between all system classes and pattern role i) by the number of matrices (ki) in which the given role is involved. Tsantalis et al. in [6] introduced an approach to design pattern identification based on algorithm for calculating similarity between vertices in two graphs. System model and patterns are represented as the matrices reflecting model attributes like generalizations, associations, abstract classes, abstract method invocations, object creations etc. Similarity algorithm is not matrix type dependant, thus other matrices could be added as needed. Mentioned advantagesof matrix representation are 1) easy manipulation with the data and 2) higher readability by computer researchers. Every matrix type is created for model and pattern and similarity of this pair of matrices is calculated. This process repeats for every matrix type and all similarity scores are summed and normalized. For calculating similarity between matrices authors used equation proposed in [8]. Authors minimized the number of the matrix types because some attributes are quite common in system models, which leads to increased number of false positives. Our main concern is the adaptation of selected methods by extending their searching capabilities for design smell detection. Most anti-patterns haveadditional structural features, thus more model attributes need to be compared. We have chosen several smells attributes different from design patterns features which cannot be detected by original methods. Smell characteristics (e.g., what is many methods and attributes) need to be defined. On the other hand, some design patterns characteristics are also usable for flaw detection. Structural features included in both extended methods are:associations (with cardinality)generalizationsclass abstraction (whether a class is concrete, abstract or interface).5.2 Pattern Definition Process rasoolPattern definitions are created from selection of appropriate feature types which are used by the recognition process to detect pattern instances from the source code. Precision and recall of pattern recognition approach is dependent on the accuracy and the completeness of pattern definitions, which are used to recognize the variants of different design patterns. The approach follows the list of activites to create pattern definitions. The definition process takes pattern structure or specification and identifies the majorelement playing key role in a pattern structure. A major element in each pattern is any class/interface that play central role in pattern structure and it is easy to access other elements through major element due to its connections. For example, in case of Adapter pattern, adapter class plays the role of major element. With identification of major element, the process defines feature in a pattern definition. The process iteratively identifies relevant feature types for each pattern definition. We illustrate the process of creating pattern definitions by activity diagram shown in Figure 5.3. The activity ?define feature for pattern definition? further follows the criteria for defining feature type for pattern definition. It searches the feature type in the feature type list and if the desired feature is available in the list, it selects the feature type and specifies its parameters. If the catalogue do not have desired feature in the list, the process defines new feature types for the pattern definition. The process is iterated until the pattern definition is created which can match different variants of a design pattern. The definition of feature type checks the existence of a certain feature and returns the elements that play role in the searched feature. The pattern definitions are composed from organized set of feature types by identifyingcentral roles using structural elements. The pattern definition process reduces recognition queries starting definition with the object playing pivotal role in the pattern structure. The definition process filters the matching instances when any single feature type does not match desired role. The definition of Singlton used for pattern recogniton is given below in Figure 5.2. Pattern Definition The pattern definition creation process is repeatable that user can select a single featuretype in different pattern definitions. It is customizable in the sense that user can add/remove and modify pattern definitions, which are based on SQL queries, regular expressions, source code parsers to match structural and implementation variants of different patterns. The approach used more than 40 feature types to define all the GoF patterns with different alternatives. The catalogue of pattern definitions can be extended by adding new feature types to match patterns beyond the GoF definitions.Examples of Pattern DefinitionsWe used pattern creation process to define static, dynamic and semantic features of patterns. It is clarified with examples that how features of a pattern are reused for other patterns. We selected one pattern from each category of creational, structural and behavioral patterns and complete list of all GoF pattern definitions is given in Appendix B. We describe features of Adapter, Abstract factory method and Observer in the following subsections. 5.3.1To be able to work on design pattern instances we need a way to represent them in some kindof data structure. The model used by the Joiner specifies that a design pattern can be defined from the structural point of view using the roles it contains and the cardinality relationship between couple of roles. -We describe a design motif as a CSP: each role is represented as a variable and relationsamong roles are represented as constraints among the variables. Additional variables andconstraints may be added to improve the precision and recall of the identification process.Variables have identical domains: all the classes in the program in which to identify thedesign motif. For example, the identification of micro-architectures similar to the Compositedesign motif, shown in Fig. 3, translates into the constraint system: Variables:clientcomponentcompositeleafConstraints:association(client, component)inheritance(component, composite)inheritance(component, leaf)composition(composite, component)where the four constraints represent the association, inheritance, and composition relationssuggested by the Composite design motif. When applying this CSP to identifyoccurrences of Composite in JHOTDRAW (Gamma and Eggenschwiler 1998), the fourvariables client, component, composite, and leaf have identical domainsWe seek to improve the performance and the precision of the structural identificationprocess using quantitative values by associating numerical signatures with roles in designmotifs. With numerical signatures, we can reduce the search space in two ways:– We can assign to each variable a domain containing only those classes for which thenumerical signatures match the expected numerical signatures for the role.– We can add unary constraints to each variable to match the numerical signatures of theclasses in its domain with the numerical signature of the corresponding role. These two ways achieve the same result: they remove classes for which the numericalsignatures do not match the expected numerical signature from the domain of a variable,reducing the search space by reducing the domains of the variables.Numerical signatures characterise classes that play roles in design motifs. We identifyclasses playing roles in motifs using their internal attributes. We measure these internalattributes using the following families of metrics: